Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

of some description

  • 1 description

    [-ˈskrɪp-] noun
    1) (an) act of describing:

    I recognized him from your description.

    وَصْف
    2) an account of anything in words:

    He gave a description of his holiday.

    وَصْف
    3) a sort or kind:

    He carried a gun of some description.

    نَوْع
    Remark: to describe (not describe about) a scene.

    Arabic-English dictionary > description

  • 2 beggar description

    to be so great in some way that it cannot be described:

    Her beauty beggars description.

    يجلُّ عن الوَصْف، فَوْقَ الوَصْف

    Arabic-English dictionary > beggar description

  • 3 tipo

    m.
    1 guy, chap, fellow, character.
    2 type, category, kind, class.
    Un nuevo orden de dificultad A new kind of difficulty.
    3 letter type, type.
    * * *
    1 (clase) type, kind
    2 FINANZAS rate
    3 ANATOMÍA (de hombre) build, physique; (de mujer) figure
    4 familiar (persona) guy, fellow, bloke
    \
    aguantar el tipo figurado to keep cool, keep calm
    dar el tipo figurado to fit a description, fit the bill
    jugarse el tipo figurado to risk one's neck
    tener buen tipo (hombre) to be well-built 2 (mujer) to have a good figure
    todo tipo de all kind of, all kinds of
    tipo de cambio FINANZAS rate of exchange
    tipo de interés FINANZAS rate of interest
    tipo raro weirdo, oddball
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) type
    2) kind, sort
    2. (f. - tipa)
    noun
    guy / gal
    * * *
    tipo, -a
    1.
    SM / F * (=individuo) (=hombre) guy *, bloke *; (=mujer) chick *, bird *, dame (EEUU) *

    ¿quién es ese tipo? — who's that guy o bloke? *

    tipa
    2. SM
    1) (=clase) type, kind, sort

    un coche de otro tipo pero del mismo precioa different type o kind o sort of car but for the same price

    todo tipo de... — all sorts o kinds of...

    2) (Bot, Literat, Zool) type
    3) (Com, Econ) rate

    tipo bancario, tipo base — base rate

    4) (=figura, cuerpo) [de hombre] build; [de mujer] figure

    tener buen tipo[hombre] to be well built; [mujer] to have a good figure

    5) (Tip) type
    3. ADJ INV
    1) (=similar a)
    2) (=típico) average, typical

    dos conductores tipotwo average o typical drivers

    * * *
    I
    - pa masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq); (f) woman
    II
    1) ( clase) kind, type, sort
    2)
    a) ( figura - de mujer) figure; (- de hombre) physique

    jugarse el tipo — (Esp fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)

    b) ( aspecto) appearance

    dar el tipo — (Esp) to be the type

    3) (Fin) rate
    4) (Impr) type
    5) (como adj inv) typical

    una serie tipo `Dallas' — a `Dallas'-type series

    6) (como adv) (CS fam) around, about
    * * *
    I
    - pa masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq); (f) woman
    II
    1) ( clase) kind, type, sort
    2)
    a) ( figura - de mujer) figure; (- de hombre) physique

    jugarse el tipo — (Esp fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)

    b) ( aspecto) appearance

    dar el tipo — (Esp) to be the type

    3) (Fin) rate
    4) (Impr) type
    5) (como adj inv) typical

    una serie tipo `Dallas' — a `Dallas'-type series

    6) (como adv) (CS fam) around, about
    * * *
    tipo1
    1 = category, class, degree, form, kind, nature, sort, type, ilk, stripe.

    Ex: For some categories of materials it can be difficult to distinguish publishers from distributors and/or producers.

    Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.
    Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex: It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex: Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.
    Ex: Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.
    Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.
    Ex: Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.
    Ex: The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.
    * algún tipo de = some, some sort of.
    * algún tipo de + Nombre = one kind of + Nombre + or another.
    * almuerzo tipo bufé = lunch buffet, buffet lunch.
    * asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.
    * con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * de algún tipo = of some description.
    * de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.
    * de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.
    * de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.
    * de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.
    * de tipo general = broad scoped.
    * de tipo medio = middle-range.
    * de todos los tipos = of all stripes.
    * de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description.
    * de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].
    * diabetes del tipo 2 = type 2 diabetes.
    * el tipo de = the range of.
    * ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.
    * este tipo de = such.
    * este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.
    * índice permutado del tipo KWIC = KWICed index.
    * mismo tipo de = same range of.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement.
    * Nombre + de este tipo = such + Nombre.
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind, differ in + kind (from).
    * sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.
    * tipo de cuidado = nasty piece of work.
    * tipo de gravamen = tax rate.
    * tipo de gravamen marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.
    * tipo de interés = interest rate.
    * tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de persona = public.
    * tipo de resumen = abstracting format.
    * tipo de servicio = style of service.
    * tipo fiscal = tax rate.
    * tipo fiscal marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo impositivo = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket.
    * tipo impositivo marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * tipo preferencial = preferential rate.
    * tipo preferente = preferential rate.
    * tipo publicitario = display type.
    * tipos como = the likes of.
    * tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * tipos reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut.
    * tipo televisor = television-type.
    * todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.
    * todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.
    * un tipo de = a kind of.
    * variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.
    * y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.

    tipo2
    2 = font, face, type, fount.
    Nota: Un grupo de caracteres tipográficos de un tamaño determinado, como por ejemplo Roman 8.

    Ex: No longer is the user constrained to a supplied set of fonts.

    Ex: The demand for the old faces came to an abrupt end and the founders withdrew them from sale, some even destroying the old punches and matrices as so much scrap.
    Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    Ex: Incunabulists, indeed, work on the assumption that a fount belonging to a fifteenth-century printer was unique to him, which is likely to be true enough of the fount as cast, but is not necessarily true of its punches.
    * altura del tipo movible = height-to-paper, type height.
    * diseñador de tipos = type designer.
    * diseño de tipos = type design [type-design].
    * fundición de tipos = typefounding.
    * fundidor de tipos = punch-cutter [punchcutter], type-founder [typefounder], cutter of type.
    * fundir tipos = cast + type.
    * machacar los tipos = batter + type.
    * máquina fundidora de tipos = typecasting machine.
    * taller de fundición de tipos = type-foundry.
    * tipo autoespaciador = self-spacing type.
    * tipo decorativo = display type.
    * tipo de imprenta = book face, printing type, type.
    * tipo de letra = type face [typeface], typing, type font [typefont], fount, type specimen [type-specimen], fount of type.
    * tipo fundido = cast type.
    * tipo movible = punch.
    * tipo movible de acento = accent punch.
    * tipo móvil = moveable type.
    * tipos móviles = movable type.

    tipo3
    3 = fellow, chap, guy, dude, joker, bloke.
    Nota: Coloquial.

    Ex: From the skimming he had given their writings he knew that something like a chemical agent was working in Balzac's defenseless mind, and that the hapless fellow was trying not to succumb to it.

    Ex: In practice, however, such democratic attitudes among the mighty seem to have as little effect on the behaviour of those who serve them as did the remark made by King George V at his Jubilee in 1935, 'I'm really quite an ordinary sort of chap'.
    Ex: The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.
    Ex: This is one of those movies that preaches nonviolence, even as the good guy is knocking the hell out of a few dozen dudes.
    Ex: Then I followed these two jokers to a liquor store where they got them some alchy.
    Ex: The blokes don't bat an eyelid that you're a girl -- they take no prisoners when they're trying to get the ball!.
    * jugarse el tipo (por) = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for).
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

    * * *
    tipo1 -pa
    masculine, feminine
    1 ( fam) ( masculine) guy ( colloq); ( feminine) woman
    me parece una tipa sensacional I think she's an amazing woman
    2 ( pey) ( masculine) guy ( colloq), character ( pej), woman, female ( colloq pej)
    ¿pero qué se habrá creído este tipo? but who does this guy o character think he is?
    A (clase) kind, type, sort
    tiene todo tipo de herramientas en el taller he has all kinds of tools in his workshop
    ¿qué tipo de música te gusta más? what sort of music do you like best?
    es muy simpático, pero no es mi tipo he's very nice, but he's not my type
    B ( Bot, Zool) type; (en antropología) type
    C
    1 (figurade una mujer) figure; (de un hombre) physique
    aguantar or mantener el tipo ( Esp); to put on a brave face
    jugarse el tipo ( Esp); to risk one's neck
    lucir el tipo ( Esp); to parade around
    2 (aspecto) appearance
    será conde, pero no tiene tipo de aristócrata he may well be a count, but he doesn't look like an aristocrat
    una mujer de tipo distinguido a distinguished-looking woman
    dar el tipo ( Esp); to be the type
    no parece que dé el tipo he doesn't seem the type
    D ( Fin) rate
    Compuestos:
    exchange rate
    cross exchange rate
    tipo de interés preferencial or preferente
    prime rate
    E ( Impr) type
    F ( como adj inv) typical
    el/la profesional tipo the typical o average professional person
    exámenes tipo specimen papers
    una serie tipo Dallas a Dallas-type series
    G ( como adv) (CS fam) around, about
    vénganse tipo cuatro come around o about four o'clock
    * * *

     

    tipo 1
    ◊ -pa sustantivo masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq);


    (f) woman
    tipo 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 ( clase) kind, type, sort;

    no es mi tipo he's not my type
    2 ( figurade mujer) figure;
    (— de hombre) physique
    3 ( como adv) (CS fam) around, about;

    tipo sustantivo masculino
    1 (modelo, clase) type, kind, sort: María no es mi tipo, Maria isn't my type
    me gusta ese tipo de gente, I like that kind of people
    no es de ese tipo de personas, he's not that sort of person
    ese tipo de coche, that type o kind of car
    2 fam (individuo) guy, bloke, fellow
    tipo raro, weirdo
    un buen tipo, a good sort
    un tipo simpático, a nice chap
    3 (constitución física) build, physique
    (de mujer) figure: tiene buen tipo, she has a good figure
    4 Econ rate
    tipo de cambio, exchange rate
    tipo de descuento, bank rate
    tipo de interés, interest rate
    5 Tip (de letra) type
    Tip Inform font
    ♦ Locuciones: dar el tipo, to live up to other people's expectations
    figurado jugarse el tipo, to risk one's neck
    mantener o aguantar el tipo, to keep one's cool
    ' tipo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    beneficio
    - callada
    - callado
    - cambiar
    - catalogar
    - clase
    - cuidada
    - cuidado
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - desbordar
    - determinada
    - determinado
    - elemento
    - especie
    - estaquilla
    - fibra
    - fiebre
    - género
    - índole
    - lectura
    - macanuda
    - macanudo
    - más
    - mina
    - naturaleza
    - orden
    - puñetera
    - puñetero
    - scud
    - sedán
    - silueta
    - speed
    - suerte
    - tan
    - antipático
    - corriente
    - cuate
    - divertido
    - forma
    - fresco
    - fulano
    - grande
    - individuo
    - interés
    - interesar
    - loco
    - particular
    - pata
    - pesado
    English:
    ale
    - all
    - arrogant
    - bloke
    - boogie
    - brand
    - build
    - chap
    - class
    - clause
    - crook
    - current
    - delicatessen
    - deposit
    - description
    - duck
    - dude
    - exchange rate
    - figure
    - flaky
    - flat
    - form
    - freely
    - going
    - guy
    - high tops
    - individual
    - interest rate
    - kid
    - kind
    - lending
    - LIBOR
    - marmalade
    - muffin
    - neck
    - neither
    - nut
    - open
    - prime rate
    - rate
    - send down
    - shapely
    - sort
    - suited
    - survey
    - tax bracket
    - tough
    - trim
    - type
    - typeface
    * * *
    tipo, -a
    nm,f
    Fam [hombre] guy, Br bloke; [mujer] woman; [mujer joven] girl
    nm
    1. [clase] type, sort;
    no es mi tipo he's not my type;
    todo tipo de all sorts of;
    vinieron personas de todo tipo all sorts of people came;
    no me gustan las películas de ese tipo I don't like movies like that o those sorts of movies
    2. [cuerpo] [de mujer] figure;
    [de hombre] build;
    tiene muy buen tipo she has a very good body;
    Fam
    jugarse el tipo to risk one's neck;
    Fam
    aguantar o [m5] mantener el tipo to keep one's cool, not to lose one's head;
    dar el tipo to be up to standard o scratch
    3. Econ rate
    tipo básico [de interés] base rate; [de impuestos] basic rate;
    tipo de cambio exchange rate, rate of exchange;
    tipo de descuento discount rate;
    tipo impositivo tax rate;
    tipo de interés interest rate;
    tipo de interés fijo fixed interest rate;
    tipo de interés variable variable o floating interest rate;
    tipo marginal marginal rate;
    tipo mínimo minimum rate;
    tipo preferencial prime (lending) rate
    4. Imprenta type
    5. Biol type
    adj inv
    1. [estándar]
    el boliviano/la dieta tipo the average Bolivian/diet
    2.
    un pantalón tipo pitillo a pair of drainpipe trousers;
    una película tipo Rambo a Rambo-style movie
    adv
    RP Fam [aproximadamente] like;
    llegaron tipo nueve they arrived at, like, nine o'clock;
    se casó hace tipo cinco años she got married something like five years ago
    * * *
    m
    1 type, kind;
    no es mi tipo he’s not my type
    2 fam
    persona guy fam
    3 COM rate
    4
    :
    tener buen tipo de hombre be well built; de mujer have a good figure;
    jugarse el tipo fam risk one’s neck;
    aguantar el tipo fam keep one’s cool
    * * *
    tipo nm
    1) clase: type, kind, sort
    2) : figure, build, appearance
    3) : rate
    tipo de interés: interest rate
    4) : (printing) type, typeface
    5) : style, model
    un vestido tipo 60's: a 60's-style dress
    tipo, -pa n, fam : guy m, gal f, character
    * * *
    tipo n
    1. (clase) type / kind / sort
    ¿qué tipo de coche quieres? what sort of car do you want?
    2. (de mujer) figure
    es modelo, tiene buen tipo she's a model, she's got a good figure
    3. (de hombre) body
    4. (individuo) guy / bloke

    Spanish-English dictionary > tipo

  • 4 de

    prep.
    1 of.
    el coche de mi padre/mis padres my father's/parents' car
    es de ella it's hers
    la pata de la mesa the table leg
    La casa de mi padre The house of my father [My father's house]
    2 from (procedencia, distancia).
    salir de casa to leave home
    soy de Bilbao I'm from Bilbao
    de la playa al apartamento hay 100 metros it's 100 meters from the beach to the apartment
    3 (made) of (materia).
    un vaso de plástico a plastic cup
    un reloj de oro a gold watch
    4 about (asunto).
    hablábamos de ti we were talking about you
    libros de historia history books
    5 as.
    trabaja de bombero he works as a fireman
    trabaja de nueve a cinco she works from nine to five
    de madrugada early in the morning
    a las cuatro de la tarde at four in the afternoon
    trabaja de noche y duerme de día he works at night and sleeps during the day
    7 with (causa, modo).
    morirse de hambre to die of hunger
    llorar de alegría to cry with joy
    de una patada with a kick
    de una sola vez in one go
    de tres en tres three at a time
    8 if.
    de ir a verte, sería este domingo if I do visit you, it'll be this Sunday
    de no ser por ti, me hubiese hundido if it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't have made it
    9 to.
    Está ansiosa de obtener ese trabajo She is anxious to have that job.
    f.
    1 letter d.
    2 SD, standard deviation.
    3 ED, dose of erythema, erythema dose.
    * * *
    de
    ————————
    de
    1 (posesión, pertenencia) of
    2 (procedencia, origen) from
    la niña de ojos castaños the girl with dark eyes, the dark-eyed girl
    4 (tema) of, on, about
    5 (materia) made of, of
    7 (uso) for
    8 (oficio) by, as
    9 (modo) on, in, as
    10 (tiempo) at, by, in
    de día by day, during the day
    12 (precio) at
    13 (medida) measuring
    14 (causa) with, because of, of
    15 (agente) by
    * * *
    prep.
    1) of
    2) from
    3) in, at
    4) than
    5) by
    * * *
    PREPOSITION
    1) [relación] of

    la carretera de Valencia — the Valencia road, the road to Valencia

    2) [pertenencia]

    la señora de Pérez — Pérez's wife, Mrs Pérez

    3) [característica, material]

    este modelo es de electricidad — this model uses electricity, this is an electric model

    4) [contenido]

    una copa de vino[llena] a glass of wine; [vacía] a wine glass

    5) [origen, distancia, espacio temporal] from

    los de Madrid son los mejores — the ones from Madrid are the best, the Madrid ones are the best

    de... a...
    6) [causa]
    7) [manera]
    de... en...
    8) (=respecto de)

    estar mejor de salud — to be in better health, be better

    9) [tema] about

    un libro de biología — a biology book, a book on o about biology

    10) [uso]
    11) [cantidad, medida, valor]
    12) [con horas y fechas]

    a las siete de la mañana — at seven o'clock in the morning, at seven a.m.

    son las dos de la tarde — it's two o'clock in the afternoon, it's two p.m.

    el 3 de mayo3 May ( leído May the third {o}2} the third of May)

    13) [tiempo]
    14) [proporción]
    15) [uso partitivo] of

    ¡había una de gente! — * there were loads of people there! *

    16) [autoría] by

    un libro de Cela — a book by Cela, a book of Cela's

    17) [como complemento agente] by

    el rey entró seguido de su séquito — the king entered, followed by his entourage

    18) [en aposición a sustantivos o adjetivos]

    el bueno/pobre de Pedro — good/poor old Pedro

    19) [en comparaciones] than

    más/menos de siete — more/less than seven

    más de 500 personasmore than o over 500 people

    20) [con superlativos] in

    el más caro de la tienda/mundo — the most expensive in the shop/world

    21) + infin
    ser de ({+ infin}8})
    22) [dependiente de formas verbales]

    de esto se deduce que... — from this it can be deduced that...

    ¿qué esperabas de él? — what did you expect from him?

    23) [uso condicional] if

    de haberlo sabido no habría venido — if I had known, I wouldn't have come

    de no ser así — if it were not so, were it not so

    de no LAm (=si no) otherwise

    * * *
    I
    1) (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión)

    la casa de mis padres/de la actriz — my parents'/the actress's house

    no es de él/de ella/de ellos — it isn't his/hers/theirs

    su padre de usted — (frml) your father

    es un amigo de mi hijo/de la familia — he's a friend of my son's/the family

    2)
    [de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]

    Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena — ≈Mrs Mónica Arocena

    los señores de Díaz — (frml) Mr and Mrs Díaz

    las señoritas de Paz — (frml) the Misses Paz (frml)

    ay de mí! — (liter) woe is me! (liter)

    3) (expresando procedencia, origen, tiempo) from

    es de Bogotá — she's/she comes from Bogotá

    de... a... — from... to...

    4) (al especificar material, contenido, composición)

    una inyección de morfina — an injection of morphine, a morphine injection

    5) (expresando causa, modo)

    de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — two at a time

    de a poco/de a uno — (CS) little by little/one by one

    6)
    a) (introduciendo cualidades, características)

    ¿de qué color lo quiere? — what color do you want it?

    la chica de azul/del abrigo rojo — the girl in blue/in the red coat

    de niñoas a o when he was a child

    7) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad)

    ¿qué hay de postre? — what's for dessert?

    8)
    a) (al definir, especificar)

    ¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? — how are we doing for time?

    es fácil/difícil de pronunciar — it's easy/difficult to pronounce

    ¿quién de ustedes fue? — which (one) of you was it?

    lo encontré de viejo...! — he seemed so old!

    qué de coches! — (fam) what a lot of cars!

    10)

    pagan un interés del 15% — they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%

    cuesta más de £100 — it costs more than o over £100

    un número mayor/menor de 29 — a number over/under 29

    12) ( en calidad de) as
    13) (en expresiones de estado, actividad)

    estamos de limpieza general/fiesta — we're spring-cleaning/having a party

    a)

    de + inf: de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known o had I known, I would have come earlier; de no ser así no será considerada — otherwise it will not be considered

    b)

    ser de + inf — (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad)

    es de esperar que... — it is to be hoped that...

    II
    * * *
    = across, in respect for, of, off, out of, from, featuring.
    Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.
    Ex. The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation, that is, the writer of a text, the illustrator in respect for illustrations and others responsible for the intellectual content of a work.
    Ex. These institutes brought together some of the most influential people in the field.
    Ex. Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.
    Ex. However, out of the enormous abundance of information produced, only 50% is new while the rest is redundant.
    Ex. From the analysis of some 5760 questions, Wilkinson and Miller developed a 'step approach' to differentiate reference questions according to how many judgmental steps were required to answer them.
    Ex. The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.
    ----
    * abogado de oficio = legal aid.
    * actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.
    * alabanza de boquilla = lip service.
    * alabar de boquilla = give + lip service.
    * autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again.
    * de... a = through.
    * de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.
    * de abolengo = well-born.
    * de abordo = in-flight.
    * de absorción = absorptive.
    * de acá para allá = back and forth, to and fro.
    * de acceso público = publicly accessible.
    * de acceso rápido = fast-access.
    * de acceso restringido = closed access.
    * de acción = action-centered.
    * de acompañante = in tow.
    * de actitud = attitudinal.
    * de actuación = for action.
    * de actualidad = topical.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, in + Posesivo + view, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + opinion, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de adaptación = adaptive.
    * de †frica = African.
    * de Africa occidental = West African.
    * de agua = water-based.
    * de aguas profundas = deep-sea.
    * de ahí = therefrom.
    * de ahí que = hence.
    * de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.
    * de Alaska = Alaskan.
    * de Albania = Albanian.
    * de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * de alcohol = spirit-based.
    * de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.
    * de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.
    * de alguna otra forma = in any other way.
    * de algún modo = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way.
    * de algún modo + Adjetivo = otherwise + Adjetivo.
    * de algún modo u otro = of some sort.
    * de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.
    * de algún tipo = of some description.
    * de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.
    * de alta alcurnia = well-born.
    * de alta cuna = well-born.
    * de alta densidad = high-density.
    * de alta energía = high energy.
    * de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.
    * de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.
    * de alta potencia = high power.
    * de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * de alta productividad = high-performance.
    * de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.
    * de alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology.
    * de alta tensión = heavy-current.
    * de alta velocidad = high-speed.
    * de alto abolengo = well-born.
    * de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.
    * de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.
    * de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.
    * de alto voltaje = high-voltage.
    * de altura = high, top-notch.
    * de altura regulable = height-adjustable.
    * de aluvión = alluvial.
    * de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * de amplio alcance = broad in scope.
    * de antaño = of old, age-old, old-time, of yore, of olden days, of yesteryear, bygone, gone by.
    * de antemano = in advance (of), beforehand.
    * de antes de la guerra = pre-war [prewar].
    * de antigua generación = low-end.
    * de antiguo = from time immemorial.
    * de apariencia = cosmetic.
    * de apariencia engañosa = meretricious.
    * de aplicación específica = special-purpose.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.
    * de apoyo = enabling, supportive.
    * de aprovechamiento = exploitative.
    * de aquel entonces = of that day.
    * de aquí para allá = back and forth.
    * de aquí te espero = tremendous, enormous, humongous [humungous], gianormous.
    * de Arabia Saudí = Saudi Arabian.
    * de archivo = archival, archive.
    * de armas tomar = redoubtable.
    * de arranque = bootable.
    * de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.
    * de ascendencia + Adjetivo = of + Adjetivo + descent.
    * de asesoramiento = consultative.
    * de aspecto = looking.
    * de aspecto antiguo = old-face.
    * de aspecto complicado = complicated-looking.
    * de aspecto delgado = lean-looking.
    * de aspecto digno = dignified.
    * de aspecto impresionante = impressive-looking.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de aspecto poco profesional = botched-up.
    * de aspecto profesional = professional-looking.
    * de aspecto ruinoso = run-down.
    * de aspecto solemne = dignified.
    * de atención básica = preattentive.
    * de atención primaria = preattentive.
    * de atrás = rear.
    * de atrás para adelante = back and forth.
    * de aupa = royal.
    * de autodesprecio = self-deprecating.
    * de autogestión = self-managing.
    * de autoprotección = self-protective.
    * de autosuficiencia = self-satisfied.
    * de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].
    * de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].
    * de baja ralea = ignoble.
    * de bajísima calidad = shoddy.
    * de bajo consumo = low energy.
    * de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.
    * de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.
    * de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.
    * de bajo precio = low-priced.
    * de bajo riesgo = low-risk.
    * de balde = for free.
    * de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].
    * de bienvenida = salutatory.
    * de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.
    * de bodas = bridal.
    * de Boole = Boolean.
    * de bote en bote = packed to capacity, choc-a-block, chock-full, densely packed, packed, packed to the rafters.
    * de broma = humorously, teasingly.
    * de bronce = brass.
    * de buena calidad = good-quality.
    * de buena disposición = good-natured.
    * de buena fama = of good repute.
    * de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.
    * de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.
    * de buena reputación = of good repute.
    * de buenas = on good terms.
    * de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.
    * de buena vecindad = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].
    * de buena voluntad = in good faith.
    * de buen corazón = kind-hearted, good-hearted, big-hearted.
    * de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.
    * de buen gusto = tasteful.
    * de buen humor = good-humouredly, good-humoured, in good humour.
    * de buenos modales = well-mannered.
    * de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].
    * de buen ver = good looking.
    * de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.
    * de caballo = huge, humongous [humungous], massive, gianormous.
    * de cabo a rabo = lock, stock and barrel, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de cachondeo = teasingly.
    * de cada día = day to day [day-to-day].
    * de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.
    * de caderas anchas = wide-hipped.
    * de cajón = no-brainer.
    * de calidad = authoritative, qualitative, quality, well-made, high-end, quality assured, value-added.
    * de calidad inferior = low-grade [lowgrade], substandard [sub-standard], low-end.
    * de calidad superior = best-quality, top quality.
    * de camino = on the way, while we're at it.
    * de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.
    * de campo = free-range.
    * de campos fijos = fixed-field.
    * de campus = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.
    * de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.
    * de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.
    * de cara a = face-to-face [face to face], facing.
    * de carácter = in character.
    * de carácter público = state-owned, government-owned, state-run, government-run, publicly owned [publicly-owned], publicly supported, publicly held.
    * de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].
    * de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.
    * de castigo = punitive.
    * de casualidad = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck.
    * de causas desconocidas = idiopathic.
    * de cerámica = ceramic.
    * de cerca = at close range, at close quarters.
    * de chiripa = by a fluke, by a stroke of (good) luck, by chance, by luck.
    * de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.
    * de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].
    * de cinco días de duración = five-day.
    * de cinco estrellas = 5-star [five-star].
    * de cinco meses de duración = five-month-long.
    * de civil = in plain clothes.
    * de clasificación = classificatory.
    * de clausura = cloistered.
    * de clausura de congreso = end-of-conference.
    * de cobre = cupric.
    * de cojones = badass.
    * de colegas = collegial, buddying.
    * de Colombia = Colombian.
    * de color = coloured [colored, -USA], non-white [nonwhite], full-colour, in colour.
    * de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.
    * de color de bronce = brassy.
    * de colores = full-colour, multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * de colores vivos = colourful [colorful, -USA].
    * de colorines = brightly coloured.
    * de color marroncillo = brownish tinged.
    * de color rojo = red-coloured.
    * de color rosa = rose-coloured.
    * de color verde botella = bottle green.
    * de color verde oscuro = bottle green.
    * de color y textura parecidos al carbón = carbonaceous.
    * de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * de compañeros = collegial.
    * de complicidad = knowing.
    * de comportamiento = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].
    * de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.
    * de conceptos = concept-based.
    * de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.
    * de conducta = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].
    * de confianza = reliable, trusted, trusting, reputable.
    * de confirmación = confirmatory.
    * de conformidad con = in compliance with, in keeping with.
    * de conformidad con eso = accordingly.
    * de conífera = coniferous.
    * de construcción básica = brick and frame.
    * de construcción sólida = solidly-built.
    * de consulta fácil = scannable.
    * de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.
    * de consumo = consumptive.
    * de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * de contrabando = bootleg.
    * de contrapunto = contrapuntal.
    * de Corea = Korean.
    * de Corea del Sur = South Korean.
    * de corral = free-range.
    * de corta duración = short term [short-term].
    * de corte + Adjetivo = of a + Adjetivo + nature.
    * de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].
    * de costa a costa = coast-to-coast.
    * de coste cero = zero-cost.
    * de costumbre = usual, usually.
    * de creación = authorial.
    * de crecimiento continuo = steadily growing.
    * de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.
    * de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.
    * de cría intensiva = battery-caged.
    * de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.
    * de Crimea = Crimean.
    * de cristal = glass.
    * de crucial importancia = crucially important.
    * de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.
    * de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.
    * de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].
    * de cualquier modo = however, either way.
    * de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.
    * de cuando en cuando = every once in a while, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * de cuatro días de duración = four-day.
    * de cuatro estrellas = four-star.
    * de Cuba = Cuban.
    * de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.
    * de deficiente calidad = poor-quality, of poor quality.
    * de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.
    * de densidad doble = double-density.
    * de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.
    * de derechas = right-wing.
    * de derecho = de jure [iure].
    * de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.
    * de desarrollo = developmental.
    * de desarrollo autónomo = self-evolving.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * de descargo = exonerating, exculpatory.
    * de desconexión = cut-off.
    * de descubrimiento reciente = newly-discovered.
    * de desecho = discarded.
    * de desempate = tie-breaker [tiebreaker], tie-breaking [tiebreaking].
    * de desguace = written-off.
    * de despedida = valedictory.
    * de día = in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.
    * de día a día = from day to day.
    * de diámetro = in diameter.
    * de diario = everyday.
    * de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.
    * de diesel = diesel-powered.
    * de diferente modo = differently.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale].
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.
    * de dirección = directorial, administrative.
    * de diseño abierto = open-plan, open-planned.
    * de diversa índole = kaleidoscopic, of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.
    * de doble filo = double-edged.
    * de doble hoja = double-hinged.
    * de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * de dolor = in pain.
    * de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].
    * de donde = whence, whence, from whence.
    * ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?, where else...?.
    * de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.
    * de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].
    * de dos en dos = two at a time.
    * de dos letras = two-letter.
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de dos páginas = two-page.
    * de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].
    * de dos patas = two-legged.
    * de dos piernas = two-legged.
    * de dos pies = two-legged.
    * de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].
    * de dos tonalidades = bitonal.
    * de dos tonos = bitonal.
    * de dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * de duelo = in mourning.
    * de duración limitada = timebound [time-bound].
    * de Ecuador = Ecuadorian.
    * de edad = elderly.
    * de edad avanzada = over the hill.
    * de edad escolar = school-age.
    * de edad mediana = middle-aged.
    * de edad universitaria = college-age.
    * de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.
    * de ello = thereof, therefrom.
    * de ellos = theirs.
    * de embalsamar = embalming.
    * de emisor a receptor = downstream.
    * de encaje = lacy.
    * de enmienda = amendatory.
    * de ensueño = dream-like [dreamlike], picture-perfect.
    * de entonces = of the day.
    * de entreguerras = interwar.
    * de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.
    * de entretenimiento = recreational.
    * de envergadura = heavy lifting.
    * de época = vintage.
    * de epopeya = epic.
    * de esa época = of the period.
    * de escándalo = outrageous.
    * de ese modo = in doing so, in this,, thereby.
    * de eso = thereof.
    * de espaldas anchas = broad-shouldered.
    * de especial importancia = of particular note.
    * de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de este modo = accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing so.
    * de este modo, de esta forma, de esta manera = in this way.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de Estonia = Estonian.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * de estructura de madera = timber-framed.
    * de Europa del Este = Eastern European.
    * de Europa Occidental = Western-European, West European.
    * de evaluación = evaluative.
    * de éxito = successful.
    * de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].
    * de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].
    * de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].
    * de expansión = expanded.
    * de explotación = exploitative.
    * de extensión = in length.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de extremada urgencia = serious.
    * de fabricación casera = homemade.
    * de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.
    * de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.
    * de fácil manejo = liftable.
    * de facto = de facto.
    * de fama = of note.
    * de fama internacional = of international renown.
    * de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.
    * de felpa = plush.
    * de fiar = legit.
    * de fichas = card-based.
    * de fijación de normas = standard(s) setting.
    * de final de año = end-year.
    * de final de mes = end-of-the-month.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de fin de año = end of the year.
    * de fin de milenio = millennial.
    * de forma = in form.
    * de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.
    * de forma adecuada = adequately, fitly, appropriately.
    * de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.
    * de forma alternativa = alternatively.
    * de forma anónima = anonymously.
    * de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma apreciable = markedly.
    * de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.
    * de forma audible = audibly.
    * de forma autónoma = autonomously.
    * de forma caprichosa = capriciously.
    * de formación = formative.
    * de forma clara = clearly.
    * de forma cognitiva = cognitively.
    * de forma colegiada = collegially.
    * de forma combinada = in combination.
    * de forma competitiva = competitively.
    * de forma complemenetaria = complimentarily.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de forma completa, en su totalidad, completamente, por extenso = in full.
    * de forma concisa = concisely.
    * de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de forma considerable = considerably.
    * de forma continuada = continuously.
    * de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.
    * de forma deductiva = deductively.
    * de forma desastrosa = disastrously.
    * de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.
    * de forma diferente = differently shaped.
    * de forma digital = digitally.
    * de forma divertida = funnily.
    * de forma económica = cost-effectively.
    * de forma errática = erratically.
    * de forma escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de forma especulativa = speculatively.
    * de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.
    * de forma exquisita = exquisitely.
    * de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma federal = federally.
    * de forma general = widely, bulk.
    * de forma global = holistically.
    * de forma graciosa = funnily.
    * de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].
    * de forma heurística = heuristically.
    * de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.
    * de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.
    * de forma indirecta = circuitous route.
    * de forma inesperada = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.
    * de forma innata = innately.
    * de forma irregular = erratically.
    * de forma lamentable = miserably.
    * de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de forma mágica = magically.
    * de forma mecánica = mechanically.
    * de forma mordaz = pungently.
    * de forma mordaz, mordazmente, con sarcasmo = pungently.
    * de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma negativa = in a negative light.
    * de forma neutral = neutrally.
    * de forma notoria = markedly.
    * de forma opcional = optionally.
    * de forma óptima = optimally.
    * de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.
    * de forma poco ética = unethically.
    * de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.
    * de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.
    * de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.
    * de forma práctica = pragmatically.
    * de forma precisa = precisely.
    * de forma provocativa = provocatively.
    * de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.
    * de forma que = in ways that.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma recíproca = reciprocally.
    * de forma rentable = cost-effectively.
    * de forma residual = residually.
    * de forma ridícula = grotesquely.
    * de forma saludable = healthily.
    * de forma sana = healthily.
    * de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.
    * de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.
    * de forma sublime = subliminally.
    * de forma suscinta = in brief.
    * de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.
    * de forma tosca = in crude form.
    * de forma trágica = tragically.
    * de fotograma completo = full-frame.
    * de fotograma doble = half-frame.
    * de frente = head-on, frontal.
    * de fuera = outside, off-side.
    * de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.
    * de fuerza = forceful.
    * de funcionamiento = operating, operational.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de gala = gala.
    * de Galileo = Galilean.
    * de Gambia = Gambian.
    * de gas = gas-powered.
    * de generación a generación = from generation to generation.
    * de generación en generación = from generation to generation.
    * de geofísica = geophysical.
    * de gestión = managerial, back-office.
    * de gestión del museo = curatorial.
    * de Glasgow = Glaswegian.
    * de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.
    * de grado básico = junior grade.
    * de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de gran belleza = scenic.
    * de gran calibre = high-calibre.
    * de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.
    * de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.
    * de gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * de gran corazón = big-hearted.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * de gran formato = oversized, oversize.
    * de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].
    * de gran influencia = seminal.
    * de granja = free-range.
    * de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.
    * de gran lujo = top-class.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.
    * de gran talento = talented.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de gran venta = high selling.
    * de guardia = on duty, duty + Profesión, on call.
    * de guasa = teasingly.
    * de habla afrikaans = Afrikaans-speaking.
    * de habla alemana = German-speaking.
    * de habla francesa = French-speaking.
    * de habla inglesa = English-speaking.
    * de habla portuguesa = Portuguese-speaking.
    * de hace años = of years ago.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-lost.
    * de hace siglos = of yore.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.
    * de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.
    * de hierbas = herbal.
    * de hierro = iron, ferric.
    * de higos a brevas = once in a blue moon.
    * de hoja caduca = deciduous.
    * de hoja perenne = evergreen.
    * de hojas largas = long-leaved.
    * de Homero = Homeric.
    * de hongos = fungal.
    * de horticultura = horticultural.
    * de hoy = present-day.
    * de hoy día = of today.
    * de hoy en adelante = as from today.
    * de hoy en día = of today.
    * de huelga = striking.
    * de humor = funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.].
    * de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.
    * de ideas afines = like-minded.
    * de igual a igual = as a peer.
    * de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.
    * de igual longitud = of equal length.
    * de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).
    * de igual modo = alike, equally, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein.
    * de igual modo que = just as, just as well... as..., along the lines of, on the lines (of).
    * de igual + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.
    * de ilusiones vive el hombre = We are such stuff as dreams are made on.
    * de imitación = copycat.
    * de importancia = of note, of consequence.
    * de importancia creciente = of growing importance.
    * de importancia crucial = crucially important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * de improviso = unawares, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, unexpectedly.
    * de incalculable valor = priceless.
    * de incógnito = incognito.
    * de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.
    * de inflexión = inflexional [inflectional].
    * de inmediato = immediately.
    * de inspiración = inspirational.
    * de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.
    * de intereses similares = of like interest.
    * de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.
    * de interés humano = human interest.
    * de interés periodístico = newsworthy.
    * de investigación = exploratory.
    * de isótopos = isotopic.
    * de izquierdas = left-wing, leftist, lefty.
    * de jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].
    * de jarana = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.
    * de juerga = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.
    * de Kenia = Kenyan.
    * de la "a" a la "zeta" = a to z [a/z o a-z].
    * de la adolescencia = teenage.
    * de la alcaldía = mayoral.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de la cara = facial.
    * de la Ceca a la Meca = from pillar to post.
    * de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.
    * de la cóclea = cochlear.
    * de la columna vertebral = spinal.
    * de la comedia = comedic.
    * de la corteza = crustal, cortical.
    * de la cría de aves = avicultural.
    * de la duramadre = dural.
    * de la edad media = dark-age.
    * de la embajada = ambassadorial.
    * de la época = of the time(s), of the day.
    * de la época isabelina = Elizabethan.
    * de la época victoriana = Victorian.
    * de la espina dorsal = spinal.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * de la forma más fácil = the easy way .
    * de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.
    * de la fóvea = foveal.
    * de la gama alta = high-end.
    * de la gama baja = low-end.
    * de la gama inferior = low-end.
    * de la guerra = wartime [wart-time].
    * de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].
    * de la localidad = locally based [locally-based].
    * de la malaria = malarial.
    * de la mama = mammary.
    * de la mandíbula inferior = mandibular.
    * de la mandíbula superior = maxillar, maxillary.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de la mañana = a.m. (latín - ante meridiam), in the morning.
    * de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.
    * de la marina = marine.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + abili.
    * * *
    I
    1) (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión)

    la casa de mis padres/de la actriz — my parents'/the actress's house

    no es de él/de ella/de ellos — it isn't his/hers/theirs

    su padre de usted — (frml) your father

    es un amigo de mi hijo/de la familia — he's a friend of my son's/the family

    2)
    [de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]

    Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena — ≈Mrs Mónica Arocena

    los señores de Díaz — (frml) Mr and Mrs Díaz

    las señoritas de Paz — (frml) the Misses Paz (frml)

    ay de mí! — (liter) woe is me! (liter)

    3) (expresando procedencia, origen, tiempo) from

    es de Bogotá — she's/she comes from Bogotá

    de... a... — from... to...

    4) (al especificar material, contenido, composición)

    una inyección de morfina — an injection of morphine, a morphine injection

    5) (expresando causa, modo)

    de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — two at a time

    de a poco/de a uno — (CS) little by little/one by one

    6)
    a) (introduciendo cualidades, características)

    ¿de qué color lo quiere? — what color do you want it?

    la chica de azul/del abrigo rojo — the girl in blue/in the red coat

    de niñoas a o when he was a child

    7) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad)

    ¿qué hay de postre? — what's for dessert?

    8)
    a) (al definir, especificar)

    ¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? — how are we doing for time?

    es fácil/difícil de pronunciar — it's easy/difficult to pronounce

    ¿quién de ustedes fue? — which (one) of you was it?

    lo encontré de viejo...! — he seemed so old!

    qué de coches! — (fam) what a lot of cars!

    10)

    pagan un interés del 15% — they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%

    cuesta más de £100 — it costs more than o over £100

    un número mayor/menor de 29 — a number over/under 29

    12) ( en calidad de) as
    13) (en expresiones de estado, actividad)

    estamos de limpieza general/fiesta — we're spring-cleaning/having a party

    a)

    de + inf: de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known o had I known, I would have come earlier; de no ser así no será considerada — otherwise it will not be considered

    b)

    ser de + inf — (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad)

    es de esperar que... — it is to be hoped that...

    II
    * * *
    = across, in respect for, of, off, out of, from, featuring.

    Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

    Ex: The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation, that is, the writer of a text, the illustrator in respect for illustrations and others responsible for the intellectual content of a work.
    Ex: These institutes brought together some of the most influential people in the field.
    Ex: Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.
    Ex: However, out of the enormous abundance of information produced, only 50% is new while the rest is redundant.
    Ex: From the analysis of some 5760 questions, Wilkinson and Miller developed a 'step approach' to differentiate reference questions according to how many judgmental steps were required to answer them.
    Ex: The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.
    * abogado de oficio = legal aid.
    * actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.
    * alabanza de boquilla = lip service.
    * alabar de boquilla = give + lip service.
    * autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again.
    * de... a = through.
    * de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.
    * de abolengo = well-born.
    * de abordo = in-flight.
    * de absorción = absorptive.
    * de acá para allá = back and forth, to and fro.
    * de acceso público = publicly accessible.
    * de acceso rápido = fast-access.
    * de acceso restringido = closed access.
    * de acción = action-centered.
    * de acompañante = in tow.
    * de actitud = attitudinal.
    * de actuación = for action.
    * de actualidad = topical.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, in + Posesivo + view, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + opinion, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de adaptación = adaptive.
    * de †frica = African.
    * de Africa occidental = West African.
    * de agua = water-based.
    * de aguas profundas = deep-sea.
    * de ahí = therefrom.
    * de ahí que = hence.
    * de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.
    * de Alaska = Alaskan.
    * de Albania = Albanian.
    * de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * de alcohol = spirit-based.
    * de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.
    * de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.
    * de alguna otra forma = in any other way.
    * de algún modo = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way.
    * de algún modo + Adjetivo = otherwise + Adjetivo.
    * de algún modo u otro = of some sort.
    * de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.
    * de algún tipo = of some description.
    * de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.
    * de alta alcurnia = well-born.
    * de alta cuna = well-born.
    * de alta densidad = high-density.
    * de alta energía = high energy.
    * de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.
    * de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.
    * de alta potencia = high power.
    * de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * de alta productividad = high-performance.
    * de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.
    * de alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology.
    * de alta tensión = heavy-current.
    * de alta velocidad = high-speed.
    * de alto abolengo = well-born.
    * de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.
    * de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.
    * de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.
    * de alto voltaje = high-voltage.
    * de altura = high, top-notch.
    * de altura regulable = height-adjustable.
    * de aluvión = alluvial.
    * de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * de amplio alcance = broad in scope.
    * de antaño = of old, age-old, old-time, of yore, of olden days, of yesteryear, bygone, gone by.
    * de antemano = in advance (of), beforehand.
    * de antes de la guerra = pre-war [prewar].
    * de antigua generación = low-end.
    * de antiguo = from time immemorial.
    * de apariencia = cosmetic.
    * de apariencia engañosa = meretricious.
    * de aplicación específica = special-purpose.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.
    * de apoyo = enabling, supportive.
    * de aprovechamiento = exploitative.
    * de aquel entonces = of that day.
    * de aquí para allá = back and forth.
    * de aquí te espero = tremendous, enormous, humongous [humungous], gianormous.
    * de Arabia Saudí = Saudi Arabian.
    * de archivo = archival, archive.
    * de armas tomar = redoubtable.
    * de arranque = bootable.
    * de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.
    * de ascendencia + Adjetivo = of + Adjetivo + descent.
    * de asesoramiento = consultative.
    * de aspecto = looking.
    * de aspecto antiguo = old-face.
    * de aspecto complicado = complicated-looking.
    * de aspecto delgado = lean-looking.
    * de aspecto digno = dignified.
    * de aspecto impresionante = impressive-looking.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de aspecto poco profesional = botched-up.
    * de aspecto profesional = professional-looking.
    * de aspecto ruinoso = run-down.
    * de aspecto solemne = dignified.
    * de atención básica = preattentive.
    * de atención primaria = preattentive.
    * de atrás = rear.
    * de atrás para adelante = back and forth.
    * de aupa = royal.
    * de autodesprecio = self-deprecating.
    * de autogestión = self-managing.
    * de autoprotección = self-protective.
    * de autosuficiencia = self-satisfied.
    * de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].
    * de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].
    * de baja ralea = ignoble.
    * de bajísima calidad = shoddy.
    * de bajo consumo = low energy.
    * de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.
    * de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.
    * de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.
    * de bajo precio = low-priced.
    * de bajo riesgo = low-risk.
    * de balde = for free.
    * de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].
    * de bienvenida = salutatory.
    * de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.
    * de bodas = bridal.
    * de Boole = Boolean.
    * de bote en bote = packed to capacity, choc-a-block, chock-full, densely packed, packed, packed to the rafters.
    * de broma = humorously, teasingly.
    * de bronce = brass.
    * de buena calidad = good-quality.
    * de buena disposición = good-natured.
    * de buena fama = of good repute.
    * de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.
    * de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.
    * de buena reputación = of good repute.
    * de buenas = on good terms.
    * de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.
    * de buena vecindad = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].
    * de buena voluntad = in good faith.
    * de buen corazón = kind-hearted, good-hearted, big-hearted.
    * de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.
    * de buen gusto = tasteful.
    * de buen humor = good-humouredly, good-humoured, in good humour.
    * de buenos modales = well-mannered.
    * de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].
    * de buen ver = good looking.
    * de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.
    * de caballo = huge, humongous [humungous], massive, gianormous.
    * de cabo a rabo = lock, stock and barrel, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de cachondeo = teasingly.
    * de cada día = day to day [day-to-day].
    * de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.
    * de caderas anchas = wide-hipped.
    * de cajón = no-brainer.
    * de calidad = authoritative, qualitative, quality, well-made, high-end, quality assured, value-added.
    * de calidad inferior = low-grade [lowgrade], substandard [sub-standard], low-end.
    * de calidad superior = best-quality, top quality.
    * de camino = on the way, while we're at it.
    * de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.
    * de campo = free-range.
    * de campos fijos = fixed-field.
    * de campus = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.
    * de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.
    * de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.
    * de cara a = face-to-face [face to face], facing.
    * de carácter = in character.
    * de carácter público = state-owned, government-owned, state-run, government-run, publicly owned [publicly-owned], publicly supported, publicly held.
    * de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].
    * de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.
    * de castigo = punitive.
    * de casualidad = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck.
    * de causas desconocidas = idiopathic.
    * de cerámica = ceramic.
    * de cerca = at close range, at close quarters.
    * de chiripa = by a fluke, by a stroke of (good) luck, by chance, by luck.
    * de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.
    * de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].
    * de cinco días de duración = five-day.
    * de cinco estrellas = 5-star [five-star].
    * de cinco meses de duración = five-month-long.
    * de civil = in plain clothes.
    * de clasificación = classificatory.
    * de clausura = cloistered.
    * de clausura de congreso = end-of-conference.
    * de cobre = cupric.
    * de cojones = badass.
    * de colegas = collegial, buddying.
    * de Colombia = Colombian.
    * de color = coloured [colored, -USA], non-white [nonwhite], full-colour, in colour.
    * de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.
    * de color de bronce = brassy.
    * de colores = full-colour, multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * de colores vivos = colourful [colorful, -USA].
    * de colorines = brightly coloured.
    * de color marroncillo = brownish tinged.
    * de color rojo = red-coloured.
    * de color rosa = rose-coloured.
    * de color verde botella = bottle green.
    * de color verde oscuro = bottle green.
    * de color y textura parecidos al carbón = carbonaceous.
    * de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * de compañeros = collegial.
    * de complicidad = knowing.
    * de comportamiento = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].
    * de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.
    * de conceptos = concept-based.
    * de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.
    * de conducta = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].
    * de confianza = reliable, trusted, trusting, reputable.
    * de confirmación = confirmatory.
    * de conformidad con = in compliance with, in keeping with.
    * de conformidad con eso = accordingly.
    * de conífera = coniferous.
    * de construcción básica = brick and frame.
    * de construcción sólida = solidly-built.
    * de consulta fácil = scannable.
    * de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.
    * de consumo = consumptive.
    * de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * de contrabando = bootleg.
    * de contrapunto = contrapuntal.
    * de Corea = Korean.
    * de Corea del Sur = South Korean.
    * de corral = free-range.
    * de corta duración = short term [short-term].
    * de corte + Adjetivo = of a + Adjetivo + nature.
    * de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].
    * de costa a costa = coast-to-coast.
    * de coste cero = zero-cost.
    * de costumbre = usual, usually.
    * de creación = authorial.
    * de crecimiento continuo = steadily growing.
    * de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.
    * de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.
    * de cría intensiva = battery-caged.
    * de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.
    * de Crimea = Crimean.
    * de cristal = glass.
    * de crucial importancia = crucially important.
    * de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.
    * de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.
    * de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].
    * de cualquier modo = however, either way.
    * de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.
    * de cuando en cuando = every once in a while, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * de cuatro días de duración = four-day.
    * de cuatro estrellas = four-star.
    * de Cuba = Cuban.
    * de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.
    * de deficiente calidad = poor-quality, of poor quality.
    * de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.
    * de densidad doble = double-density.
    * de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.
    * de derechas = right-wing.
    * de derecho = de jure [iure].
    * de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.
    * de desarrollo = developmental.
    * de desarrollo autónomo = self-evolving.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * de descargo = exonerating, exculpatory.
    * de desconexión = cut-off.
    * de descubrimiento reciente = newly-discovered.
    * de desecho = discarded.
    * de desempate = tie-breaker [tiebreaker], tie-breaking [tiebreaking].
    * de desguace = written-off.
    * de despedida = valedictory.
    * de día = in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.
    * de día a día = from day to day.
    * de diámetro = in diameter.
    * de diario = everyday.
    * de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.
    * de diesel = diesel-powered.
    * de diferente modo = differently.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale].
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.
    * de dirección = directorial, administrative.
    * de diseño abierto = open-plan, open-planned.
    * de diversa índole = kaleidoscopic, of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.
    * de doble filo = double-edged.
    * de doble hoja = double-hinged.
    * de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * de dolor = in pain.
    * de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].
    * de donde = whence, whence, from whence.
    * ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?, where else...?.
    * de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.
    * de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].
    * de dos en dos = two at a time.
    * de dos letras = two-letter.
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de dos páginas = two-page.
    * de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].
    * de dos patas = two-legged.
    * de dos piernas = two-legged.
    * de dos pies = two-legged.
    * de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].
    * de dos tonalidades = bitonal.
    * de dos tonos = bitonal.
    * de dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * de duelo = in mourning.
    * de duración limitada = timebound [time-bound].
    * de Ecuador = Ecuadorian.
    * de edad = elderly.
    * de edad avanzada = over the hill.
    * de edad escolar = school-age.
    * de edad mediana = middle-aged.
    * de edad universitaria = college-age.
    * de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.
    * de ello = thereof, therefrom.
    * de ellos = theirs.
    * de embalsamar = embalming.
    * de emisor a receptor = downstream.
    * de encaje = lacy.
    * de enmienda = amendatory.
    * de ensueño = dream-like [dreamlike], picture-perfect.
    * de entonces = of the day.
    * de entreguerras = interwar.
    * de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.
    * de entretenimiento = recreational.
    * de envergadura = heavy lifting.
    * de época = vintage.
    * de epopeya = epic.
    * de esa época = of the period.
    * de escándalo = outrageous.
    * de ese modo = in doing so, in this,, thereby.
    * de eso = thereof.
    * de espaldas anchas = broad-shouldered.
    * de especial importancia = of particular note.
    * de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de este modo = accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing so.
    * de este modo, de esta forma, de esta manera = in this way.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de Estonia = Estonian.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * de estructura de madera = timber-framed.
    * de Europa del Este = Eastern European.
    * de Europa Occidental = Western-European, West European.
    * de evaluación = evaluative.
    * de éxito = successful.
    * de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].
    * de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].
    * de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].
    * de expansión = expanded.
    * de explotación = exploitative.
    * de extensión = in length.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de extremada urgencia = serious.
    * de fabricación casera = homemade.
    * de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.
    * de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.
    * de fácil manejo = liftable.
    * de facto = de facto.
    * de fama = of note.
    * de fama internacional = of international renown.
    * de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.
    * de felpa = plush.
    * de fiar = legit.
    * de fichas = card-based.
    * de fijación de normas = standard(s) setting.
    * de final de año = end-year.
    * de final de mes = end-of-the-month.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de fin de año = end of the year.
    * de fin de milenio = millennial.
    * de forma = in form.
    * de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.
    * de forma adecuada = adequately, fitly, appropriately.
    * de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.
    * de forma alternativa = alternatively.
    * de forma anónima = anonymously.
    * de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma apreciable = markedly.
    * de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.
    * de forma audible = audibly.
    * de forma autónoma = autonomously.
    * de forma caprichosa = capriciously.
    * de formación = formative.
    * de forma clara = clearly.
    * de forma cognitiva = cognitively.
    * de forma colegiada = collegially.
    * de forma combinada = in combination.
    * de forma competitiva = competitively.
    * de forma complemenetaria = complimentarily.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de forma completa, en su totalidad, completamente, por extenso = in full.
    * de forma concisa = concisely.
    * de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de forma considerable = considerably.
    * de forma continuada = continuously.
    * de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.
    * de forma deductiva = deductively.
    * de forma desastrosa = disastrously.
    * de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.
    * de forma diferente = differently shaped.
    * de forma digital = digitally.
    * de forma divertida = funnily.
    * de forma económica = cost-effectively.
    * de forma errática = erratically.
    * de forma escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de forma especulativa = speculatively.
    * de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.
    * de forma exquisita = exquisitely.
    * de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma federal = federally.
    * de forma general = widely, bulk.
    * de forma global = holistically.
    * de forma graciosa = funnily.
    * de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].
    * de forma heurística = heuristically.
    * de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.
    * de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.
    * de forma indirecta = circuitous route.
    * de forma inesperada = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.
    * de forma innata = innately.
    * de forma irregular = erratically.
    * de forma lamentable = miserably.
    * de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de forma mágica = magically.
    * de forma mecánica = mechanically.
    * de forma mordaz = pungently.
    * de forma mordaz, mordazmente, con sarcasmo = pungently.
    * de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma negativa = in a negative light.
    * de forma neutral = neutrally.
    * de forma notoria = markedly.
    * de forma opcional = optionally.
    * de forma óptima = optimally.
    * de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.
    * de forma poco ética = unethically.
    * de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.
    * de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.
    * de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.
    * de forma práctica = pragmatically.
    * de forma precisa = precisely.
    * de forma provocativa = provocatively.
    * de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.
    * de forma que = in ways that.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma recíproca = reciprocally.
    * de forma rentable = cost-effectively.
    * de forma residual = residually.
    * de forma ridícula = grotesquely.
    * de forma saludable = healthily.
    * de forma sana = healthily.
    * de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.
    * de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.
    * de forma sublime = subliminally.
    * de forma suscinta = in brief.
    * de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.
    * de forma tosca = in crude form.
    * de forma trágica = tragically.
    * de fotograma completo = full-frame.
    * de fotograma doble = half-frame.
    * de frente = head-on, frontal.
    * de fuera = outside, off-side.
    * de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.
    * de fuerza = forceful.
    * de funcionamiento = operating, operational.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de gala = gala.
    * de Galileo = Galilean.
    * de Gambia = Gambian.
    * de gas = gas-powered.
    * de generación a generación = from generation to generation.
    * de generación en generación = from generation to generation.
    * de geofísica = geophysical.
    * de gestión = managerial, back-office.
    * de gestión del museo = curatorial.
    * de Glasgow = Glaswegian.
    * de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.
    * de grado básico = junior grade.
    * de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de gran belleza = scenic.
    * de gran calibre = high-calibre.
    * de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.
    * de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.
    * de gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * de gran corazón = big-hearted.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * de gran formato = oversized, oversize.
    * de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].
    * de gran influencia = seminal.
    * de granja = free-range.
    * de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.
    * de gran lujo = top-class.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.
    * de gran talento = talented.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de gran venta = high selling.
    * de guardia = on duty, duty + Profesión, on call.
    * de guasa = teasingly.
    * de habla afrikaans = Afrikaans-speaking.
    * de habla alemana = German-speaking.
    * de habla francesa = French-speaking.
    * de habla inglesa = English-speaking.
    * de habla portuguesa = Portuguese-speaking.
    * de hace años = of years ago.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-lost.
    * de hace siglos = of yore.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.
    * de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.
    * de hierbas = herbal.
    * de hierro = iron, ferric.
    * de higos a brevas = once in a blue moon.
    * de hoja caduca = deciduous.
    * de hoja perenne = evergreen.
    * de hojas largas = long-leaved.
    * de Homero = Homeric.
    * de hongos = fungal.
    * de horticultura = horticultural.
    * de hoy = present-day.
    * de hoy día = of today.
    * de hoy en adelante = as from today.
    * de hoy en día = of today.
    * de huelga = striking.
    * de humor = funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.].
    * de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.
    * de ideas afines = like-minded.
    * de igual a igual = as a peer.
    * de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.
    * de igual longitud = of equal length.
    * de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).
    * de igual modo = alike, equally, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein.
    * de igual modo que = just as, just as well... as..., along the lines of, on the lines (of).
    * de igual + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.
    * de ilusiones vive el hombre = We are such stuff as dreams are made on.
    * de imitación = copycat.
    * de importancia = of note, of consequence.
    * de importancia creciente = of growing importance.
    * de importancia crucial = crucially important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * de improviso = unawares, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, unexpectedly.
    * de incalculable valor = priceless.
    * de incógnito = incognito.
    * de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.
    * de inflexión = inflexional [inflectional].
    * de inmediato = immediately.
    * de inspiración = inspirational.
    * de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.
    * de intereses similares = of like interest.
    * de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.
    * de interés humano = human interest.
    * de interés periodístico = newsworthy.
    * de investigación = exploratory.
    * de isótopos = isotopic.
    * de izquierdas = left-wing, leftist, lefty.
    * de jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].
    * de jarana = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.
    * de juerga = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.
    * de Kenia = Kenyan.
    * de la "a" a la "zeta" = a to z [a/z o a-z].
    * de la adolescencia = teenage.
    * de la alcaldía = mayoral.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de la cara = facial.
    * de la Ceca a la Meca = from pillar to post.
    * de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.
    * de la cóclea = cochlear.
    * de la columna vertebral = spinal.
    * de la comedia = comedic.
    * de la corteza = crustal, cortical.
    * de la cría de aves = avicultural.
    * de la duramadre = dural.
    * de la edad media = dark-age.
    * de la embajada = ambassadorial.
    * de la época = of the time(s), of the day.
    * de la época isabelina = Elizabethan.
    * de la época victoriana = Victorian.
    * de la espina dorsal = spinal.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * de la forma más fácil = the easy way.
    * de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.
    * de la fóvea = foveal.
    * de la gama alta = high-end.
    * de la gama baja = low-end.
    * de la gama inferior = low-end.
    * de la guerra = wartime [wart-time].
    * de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].
    * de la localidad = locally based [locally-based].
    * de la malaria = malarial.
    * de la mama = mammary.
    * de la mandíbula inferior = mandibular.
    * de la mandíbula superior = maxillar, maxillary.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de la mañana = a.m. (latín - ante meridiam), in the morning.
    * de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.
    * de la marina = marine.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + abili

    * * *
    de1
    A
    (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión): la casa de mi hermano/de mis padres/de la actriz my brother's/my parents'/the actress's house
    el rey de Francia the king of France
    el cumpleaños de Luis Luis's birthday
    el cumpleaños de la esposa de un compañero a colleague's wife's birthday, the birthday of the wife of one of my colleagues
    no es de él/de ella/de ellos it isn't his/hers/theirs
    su padre de usted ( frml); your father
    un amigo de mi hijo a friend of my son's
    es un amigo de la familia he's a friend of the family o a family friend
    un estudiante de quinto año a fifth-year student
    el nieto de los Arteaga the Arteagas' grandson
    la mesa de la cocina the kitchen table
    la correa del perro the dog's leash
    un avión de Mexair a Mexair plane
    la tapa de la cacerola the saucepan lid
    las calles de la capital the streets of the capital, the capital's streets
    la subida de los precios the rise in prices
    al término de la reunión at the end of the meeting
    B
    la ciudad de Lima the city of Lima
    el aeropuerto de Barajas Barajas airport
    el mes de enero the month of January
    el imbécil de tu hermano that stupid brother of yours, your stupid brother
    el bueno de Ricardo le aguanta cualquier cosa Ricardo is so good, he puts up with anything from her
    2
    (en exclamaciones): ¡pobre de él! poor him!
    ¡triste de quien no conozca ese sentimiento! ( liter); pity the person who has never experienced that feeling! ( liter)
    C
    (con apellidos): Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena ≈ Mrs Mónica Arocena
    los señores de Rucabado ( frml); Mr and Mrs Rucabado
    D
    ( Arg crit) (a casa de): voy del médico I'm going to the doctor's
    A
    1
    (expresando procedencia, origen): volvía de clase/del banco I was on my way back from my class/from the bank
    es de Bogotá she's from Bogotá, she comes from Bogotá
    lo saqué de la biblioteca I got it out of the library
    lo recogió del suelo she picked it up off the floor
    mis amigos de América my American friends, my friends from America
    he recibido carta de Julia I've had a letter from Julia
    un hijo de su primera mujer a son by his first wife
    al salir de la tienda as he left the store
    DE … A …:
    de aquí a tu casa from here to your house
    un amigo de la infancia a childhood friend
    data del siglo XVII it dates from the 17th century
    la literatura de ese período the literature of o from that period
    lo conozco de cuando estuve en Rosales I know him from when I was in Rosales
    de un día para otro from one day to the next
    DE … A …:
    está abierto de nueve a cinco it's open from nine to five o between nine and five
    de aquí a que termine tenemos para rato it'll be a while yet before he finishes, he won't be finished for a while yet
    B
    (expresando causa): murió de viejo he died of old age
    verde de envidia green with envy
    estaba ronco de tanto gritar he was hoarse from shouting so much
    eso es de comer tan poco that's what comes from o of eating so little
    A
    (introduciendo cualidades, características): es de una paciencia increíble he is incredibly patient, he is a man of incredible patience
    un chiste de muy mal gusto a joke in very bad taste
    objetos de mucho valor objects of great value
    un pez de agua dulce a freshwater fish
    ¿de qué color lo quiere? what color do you want it?
    tiene cara de aburrido he looks bored
    ese gesto es muy de su madre that gesture is very reminiscent of his mother
    tienes cosas de niño malcriado sometimes you act like a spoiled child
    una botella de un litro a liter bottle
    un niño de tres meses a three-month-old child
    déme de las de 200 pesos el kilo give me some of those o some of the ones at 200 pesos a kilo
    la chica del abrigo rojo the girl with o in the red coat
    la señora de azul the lady in blue
    un hombre de pelo largo a man with long hair
    un anciano de bastón an old man with a stick [de is part of many compounds like cinturón de seguridad, hombre de negocios, válvula de escape, etc ]
    B
    (al especificar material, contenido, composición): una mesa de caoba a mahogany table
    una inyección de morfina an injection of morphine, a morphine injection
    el complemento ideal de todo plato de pescado the ideal complement to any fish dish
    son de plástico they're (made of) plastic
    un curso de secretariado a secretarial course
    nos sirvió una copa de champán she gave us a glass of champagne
    una colección de sellos a stamp collection, a collection of stamps
    un millón de dólares a million dollars
    C
    (con sentido ponderativo): ¡lo encontré de viejo …! he seemed so old!
    ¡qué de coches! ( fam); what a lot of cars!
    D
    (al definir, especificar): tuvo la suerte de conseguirlo she was lucky enough to get it
    aprieta el botón de abajo press the bottom button
    E
    1
    (con cifras): el número de estudiantes es de 480 the number of students is 480, there are 480 students
    pagan un interés del 15% they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%
    cuesta más de £100 it costs more than o over £100
    pesa menos de un kilo it weighs less than o under a kilo
    un número mayor/menor de 29 a number over/under 29
    3
    (en expresiones de modo): lo tumbó de un golpe he knocked him down with one blow
    subió los escalones de dos en dos he went up the stairs two at a time
    de a poco (CS); little by little, gradually
    4
    (CS): de a cuatro/ocho/diez: colócalos de a dos/cuatro put them in twos/fours
    entraron de a uno they went in one by one o one at a time [de is part of many expressions entered under frente2 m A 2. (↑ frente (2)), improviso, prisa etc]
    está de profesor en una academia he's working as a teacher in a private school
    le ofrecieron un puesto de redactor they offered him a job as an editor
    hace de enanito en la obra he plays (the part of) a dwarf in the play
    le habló de hombre a hombre he talked to him man to man
    G
    1
    (limitando lo expresado a determinado aspecto): es muy bonita de cara she has a pretty face
    es corto de talle/ancho de hombros he's short-waisted/broad-shouldered
    es sorda de un oído she's deaf in one ear
    ¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? how are we doing for time?
    tiene dos metros de ancho it's two meters wide
    2
    (refiriéndose a una etapa de la vida): de niño as a child, when he was a child
    H
    (en expresiones de estado, actividad): estaba de mal humor she was in a bad mood
    I
    (indicando uso, destino, finalidad): el cepillo de la ropa the clothes brush
    el trapo de limpiar la plata the cloth for cleaning the silver
    lo sirvió en copas de champán he served it in champagne glasses
    dales algo de comer give them something to eat
    ¿qué hay de postre? what's for dessert? [de is part of many compounds like cuchara de servir, máquina de coser, saco de dormir, etc]
    una novela de Goytisolo a novel by Goytisolo, a Goytisolo novel
    seguidos del resto de la familia followed by the rest of the family
    una casa rodeada de árboles a house surrounded by trees
    viene acompañado de arroz it is served with rice
    acompañado de su señora esposa ( frml); accompanied by his wife
    A
    ¿quién de ustedes fue? which (one) of you was it?
    se llevó uno de los míos she took one of mine
    el mayor de los Rodríguez the eldest of the Rodríguez children
    un cigarrillo de ésos que apestan one of those cigarettes that stink
    2
    (con un superlativo): eligió el más caro de todos she chose the most expensive one of all
    la ciudad más grande del mundo the biggest city in the world
    B
    (refiriéndose a una parte del día): a las once de la mañana/de la noche at eleven in the morning/at night
    duerme de día y trabaja de noche she sleeps during the day and works at night
    salieron de madrugada they left very early in the morning
    ver tb mañana3 f A. (↑ mañana (3)), tarde2 (↑ tarde (2)), etc
    A DE + INF:
    de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known, I would have come earlier o had I known, I would have come earlier
    de no ser así no será considerada otherwise it will not be considered
    de continuar este estado de cosas if this state of affairs persists
    B SER DE + INF
    (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad): es de esperar que … it is to be hoped that …, one hopes that …
    no son de fiar they are not to be trusted
    es de destacar la actuación de Marta Valverde Marta Valverde's performance is worthy of note
    C
    de no ( AmL); if not
    de2
    * * *

    Del verbo dar: ( conjugate dar)

    es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    dar    
    de    

    dar ( conjugate dar) verbo transitivo
    1


    déme un kilo de peras can I have a kilo of pears?;
    See Also→ conocer verbo transitivo 3 b, entender verbo transitivo
    b)cartas/mano to give

    2
    a) (donar, regalar) ‹sangre/limosna to give;


    b) ( proporcionar) ‹fuerzas/valor/esperanza to give;

    información/idea to give
    3
    a) (conferir, aportar) ‹sabor/color/forma to give

    b) ( aplicar) ‹mano de pintura/barniz to give

    c)sedante/masaje to give

    4 ( conceder) ‹prórroga/permiso to give;

    nos dieron un premio we won o got a prize
    5
    a) (expresar, decir) ‹parecer/opinón to give;

    ¿le diste las gracias? did you thank him?, did you say thank you?;

    dales saludos give/send them my regards;
    tuve que déle la noticia I was the one who had to break the news to him
    b) (señalar, indicar): me da ocupado or (Esp) comunicando the line's busy o (BrE) engaged;


    1
    a) ( producir) ‹fruto/flor to bear;

    dividendos to pay;

    b) (AmL) ( alcanzar hasta):

    da 150 kilómetros por hora it can do o go 150 kilometres an hour;

    venía a todo lo que daba it was travelling at full speed;
    ponen la radio a todo lo que da they turn the radio on full blast
    2 (causar, provocar) ‹placer/susto to give;
    problemas to cause;

    el calor le dio sueño/sed the heat made him sleepy/thirsty
    1 ( presentar) ‹ concierto to give;
    ¿qué dan esta noche en la tele? what's on TV tonight? (colloq);

    ¿dónde están dando esa película? where's that film showing?
    2
    a)fiesta/conferencia to give;

    baile/banquete to hold;
    discurso› (AmL) to make
    b) (CS) ‹ examen› to take o (BrE) sit;

    ver tb clase 4
    ( realizar la accion que se indica) ‹ grito to give;

    dame un beso give me a kiss;
    ver tb golpe, paseo, vuelta, etc
    ( considerar) dé algo/a algn por algo:

    ese tema lo doy por sabido I'm assuming you've already covered that topic;
    ¡dalo por hecho! consider it done!
    verbo intransitivo
    1


    [ventana/balcón] to look onto, give onto;
    [fachada/frente] to face
    2 (ser suficiente, alcanzar) dé para algo/algn to be enough for sth/sb;

    dé de sí ‹zapatos/jersey to stretch
    3 ( arrojar un resultado):

    ¿cuánto da la cuenta? what does it come to?;
    a mí me dio 247 I made it (to be) 247
    4 ( importar):

    ¡qué más da! what does it matter!;
    ¿qué más da? what difference does it make?;
    me da igual I don't mind
    5 ( en naipes) to deal
    1
    a) (pegar, golpear): déle a algn to hit sb;

    ( como castigo) to smack sb;

    el balón dio en el poste the ball hit the post


    2 (accionar, mover) déle a algo ‹a botón/tecla to press sth;
    a interruptor to flick sth;
    a manivela/volante to turn sth
    3


    soluciónto hit upon, find;
    palabra to come up with
    4 (hablando de manías, ocurrencias) déle a algn por hacer algo ‹por pintar/cocinar to take to doing sth;
    le ha dado por decir que … he's started saying that …

    5 [sol/luz]:

    la luz le daba de lleno en los ojos the light was shining right in his eyes
    darse verbo pronominal
    1 ( producirse) [fruta/trigo] to grow
    2 ( presentarse) [oportunidad/ocasión] to arise
    3 ( resultar) (+ me/te/le etc):

    a) ( refl) ( realizar lo que se indica) ‹ducha/banquete to have;

    dárselas de algo: se las da de valiente/de que sabe mucho he likes to make out he's brave/he knows a lot;

    dárselas de listo to act smart
    b) (golpearse, pegarse):


    se dieron contra un árbol they crashed into a tree;
    se dio dé un golpe en la rodilla he hit his knee
    ( considerarse) dése por algo:

    ver tb aludir a, enterado 1
    de 1 preposición
    1
    a) (pertenencia, posesión):


    el rey dé Francia the king of France;
    no es dé él it isn't his;
    es un amigo dé mi hijo he's a friend of my son's;
    un estudiante dé quinto año a fifth-year student;
    la tapa dé la cacerola the saucepan lid;
    un avión dé Mexair a Mexair plane


    el aeropuerto dé Barajas Barajas airport;
    el mes dé enero the month of January
    2
    a) (procedencia, origen, tiempo) from;

    es dé Bogotá she's/she comes from Bogotá;

    una carta dé Julia a letter from Julia;
    un amigo dé la infancia a childhood friend;
    la literatura dé ese período the literature of o from that period;
    dé aquí a tu casa from here to your house
    b) (material, contenido, composición):


    una mesa dé caoba a mahogany table;
    un vaso dé agua a glass of water;
    un millón dé dólares a million dollars
    c) (causa, modo):


    dé tanto gritar from shouting so much;
    verde dé envidia green with envy;
    temblando dé miedo trembling with fear;
    dé memoria by heart;
    lo tumbó dé un golpe he knocked him down with one blow


    rodeada dé árboles surrounded by trees
    3
    a) (cualidades, características):


    objetos dé mucho valor objects of great value;
    ¿dé qué color lo quiere? what color do you want it?;
    tiene cara dé aburrido he looks bored;
    una botella dé un litro a liter bottle;
    la chica dé azul the girl in blue
    b) (al definir, especificar):


    tiene dos metros dé ancho it's two meters wide;
    es fácil de pronunciar it's easy to pronounce;
    uno dé los míos one of mine;
    el mayor dé los Soto the eldest of the Soto children
    4
    a) ( con cifras):

    pagan un interés dél 15% they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%


    más dé £100 more than o over £100;

    pesa menos dé un kilo it weighs less than o under a kilo;
    un número mayor/menor dé 29 a number over/under 29


    la ciudad más grande dél mundo the biggest city in the world

    dé día/noche during the day/at night;

    dé madrugada early in the morning
    5
    a) ( en calidad de) as;


    hace dé rey en la obra he plays (the part of) a king in the play
    b) (en expresiones de estado, actividad):


    estamos dé fiesta we're having a party
    c) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad):


    copas dé vino wine glasses;
    ropa dé cama bed clothes;
    dales algo dé comer give them something to eat;
    ¿qué hay dé postre? what's for dessert?
    6 ( con sentido condicional):

    dé no ser así otherwise
    de 2 sustantivo femenino: name of the letter d
    see
    dar

    dar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to give: dame la mano, hold my hand
    2 (conceder) to give: mi padre me dio permiso, my father gave me permission
    le doy toda la razón, I think he is quite right
    3 (transmitir una noticia) to tell
    (un recado, recuerdos) to pass on, give
    dar las gracias, to thank
    4 (retransmitir u ofrecer un espectáculo) to show, put on
    5 (organizar una fiesta) to throw, give
    6 (producir lana, miel, etc) to produce, yield
    (fruto, flores) to bear
    (beneficio, interés) to give, yield
    7 (causar un dolor, malestar) dar dolor de cabeza, to give a headache
    (un sentimiento) dar pena, to make sad
    le da mucha vergüenza, he's very embarrassed
    8 (proporcionar) to provide: su empresa da trabajo a cincuenta personas, his factory gives work to fifty people
    9 (una conferencia, charla) to give
    (impartir clases) to teach
    (recibir una clase) to have
    US to take
    10 (presentir) me da (en la nariz/en el corazón) que eso va a salir bien, I have a feeling that everything is going to turn out well
    11 (estropear) to ruin: me dio la noche con sus ronquidos, he spoilt my sleep with his snoring
    12 (abrir el paso de la luz) to switch on
    (del gas, agua) to turn on
    13 (propinar una bofetada, un puntapié, etc) to hit, give
    14 (aplicar una mano de pintura, cera) to apply, put on
    (un masaje, medicamento) to give
    15 (considerar) dar por, to assume, consider: lo dieron por muerto, he was given up for dead
    ese dinero lo puedes dar por perdido, you can consider that money lost
    dar por supuesto/sabido, to take for granted, to assume
    16 (la hora, un reloj) to strike: aún no habían dado las ocho, it was not yet past eight o'clock
    17 (realizar la acción que implica el objeto) dar un abrazo/susto, to give a hug/fright
    dar un paseo, to go for a walk
    dar una voz, to give a shout
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (sobrevenir) le dio un ataque de nervios, she had an attack of hysterics
    2 dar de comer/cenar, to provide with lunch/dinner 3 dar a, (mirar, estar orientado a) to look out onto, to overlook
    (una puerta) to open onto, lead to: esa puerta da al jardín, this door leads out onto the garden 4 dar con, (una persona, objeto) to come across: no fuimos capaces de dar con la contraseña, we couldn't come up with the password
    dimos con él, we found him 5 dar de sí, (una camiseta, bañador) to stretch, give 6 dar en, to hit: el sol me daba en los ojos, the sun was (shining) in my eyes 7 dar para, to be enough o sufficient for: ese dinero no me da para nada, this money isn't enough for me
    ♦ Locuciones: dar a alguien por: le dio por ponerse a cantar, she decided to start singing
    le dio por nadar, he got it into his head to go swimming
    dar a entender a alguien que..., to make sb understand that...
    dar la mano a alguien, to shake hands with sb
    dar para: el presupuesto no da para más, the budget will not stretch any further
    dar que hablar, to set people talking
    dar que pensar: el suceso dio que pensar, the incident gave people food for thought
    dar a conocer, (noticia) to release
    de preposición
    1 (pertenencia, posesión) of
    la dirección de mis padres, my parents' address
    el teclado de este ordenador, this computer's keyboard
    la primera página del libro, the first page of the book
    2 (material) of: está hecho de madera, it's made of wood
    una pajarita de papel, a paper bird
    (contenido) un vaso de vino, a glass of wine
    3 (asunto) about, on: sabe mucho de economía, she knows a lot about economics
    un curso de inglés, an English course
    un libro de arte, a book on art
    4 (oficio) as: está/trabaja de enfermera, she is working as a nurse
    5 (cualidad) una persona de carácter, a person with character
    una rubia de pelo largo, a blonde with long hair
    6 (procedencia) from: es de Bilbao, he is o comes from Bilbao
    de Madrid a Cáceres, from Madrid to Cáceres
    7 (parte) un poco de leche, a little milk
    un trozo de carne, a piece of meat
    8 (causa) with, because of
    llorar de alegría, to cry with joy
    morir de hambre, to die of hunger
    9 (modo) lo bebió de un trago, she downed it in one
    un gesto de satisfacción, an expression of satisfaction
    10 (localización) el señor de la camisa azul, the man in the blue shirt
    la casa de la esquina, the house on the corner
    11 (tiempo) a las cinco de la mañana, at five in the morning
    de año en año, year in year out
    de día, by day
    de noche, at night
    de miércoles a viernes, from Wednesday to Friday
    de pequeño, as a child
    12 (finalidad) jornada de reflexión, eve of polling day
    libro de consulta, reference book
    máquina de escribir, typewriter
    13 (instrumento) derribó la puerta de una patada, he kicked the door down
    lo mataron de una puñalada, he was stabbed to death
    14 (comparación) el discurso fue más largo de lo esperado, the speech was longer than expected
    (con superlativo) in
    el coche más caro del mundo, the most expensive car in the world
    15 (precio) for
    un pantalón de dos mil pesetas, a pair of trousers costing two thousand pesetas 16 una avenida de quince kilómetros, an avenue fifteen kilometres long
    una botella de litro, a litre bottle
    17 (condicional) de haberlo sabido no le hubiera invitado, if I had known I wouldn't have invited him
    de no ser así, if that wasn't o weren't the case
    de ser cierto, if it was o were true
    18 (reiteración) de puerta en puerta, from door to door
    de tres en tres, in threes o three at a time

    '' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - a. C.
    - a.m.
    - abajo
    - abanderada
    - abanderado
    - abandonar
    - abandonarse
    - abandono
    - abanico
    - abarrotar
    - abarrotada
    - abarrotado
    - abarrotería
    - abastecer
    - abastecerse
    - abastecimiento
    - abasto
    - abatir
    - abatimiento
    - abatirse
    - abdicar
    - abertura
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abismo
    - ablandar
    - abogar
    - abogacía
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abominar
    - abominable
    - abono
    - abortar
    - abrir
    - abridor
    - abrigo
    - abrupta
    - abrupto
    - absoluta
    - absolutamente
    - absoluto
    - abstenerse
    - abstención
    - abstinencia
    - abstraerse
    - abuelo
    - abuhardillada
    - abuhardillado
    English:
    A
    - A-level
    - a.m.
    - AA
    - abandon
    - ABC
    - ability
    - ablaze
    - aboard
    - about
    - about-face
    - about-turn
    - above
    - abreast
    - abroad
    - abrupt
    - absence
    - absent
    - absolve
    - absorb
    - abstain
    - abstract
    - abundance
    - abuse
    - AC
    - accepted
    - access road
    - accident
    - accidental
    - acclaim
    - accommodate
    - accommodation
    - accomplished
    - accomplishment
    - accordance
    - account
    - account for
    - accountable
    - accumulation
    - accuracy
    - accurate
    - accurately
    - accuse
    - accused
    - accusingly
    - accustom
    - ache
    - Achilles heel
    - aching
    - acid test
    * * *
    1. [posesión, pertenencia] of;
    el automóvil de mi padre/mis padres my father's/parents' car;
    es de ella it's hers;
    la maleta es de Eva the suitcase is Eva's o belongs to Eva;
    el padre de la niña the girl's father;
    el director de la empresa the manager of the company, the company's manager;
    la boda o [m5] el casamiento de un amigo de mi hermano the wedding of a friend of my brother's, a friend of my brother's wedding;
    un equipo de segunda división a second division team;
    la comida del gato the cat's food;
    el título de la novela the novel's title, the title of the novel;
    la pata de la mesa the table leg;
    una subida de precios a price rise;
    los señores de Navarro Mr and Mrs Navarro
    2. [procedencia, distancia] from;
    salir de casa to leave home;
    soy de Bilbao I'm from Bilbao;
    no soy de aquí I'm not from round here;
    de la playa al apartamento hay 100 metros it's 100 metres from the beach to the apartment;
    estamos a 10 kilómetros de Buenos Aires we're 10 kilometres away from Buenos Aires;
    el rey de España the king of Spain;
    tuvo dos hijos de su primera esposa he had two children by his first wife;
    b de Barcelona [deletreando] b for Barcelona
    3. [en razonamiento]
    de su sonrisa se deduce que todo ha ido bien you can tell from o by her smile that it all went well;
    del resultado del experimento concluyo que la fórmula no funciona I infer from the result of the experiment that the formula doesn't work
    4. [con nombre en aposición]
    la ciudad de Caracas the city of Caracas;
    el túnel del Canal the Channel Tunnel;
    el signo de tauro the sign of Taurus;
    el puerto de Cartagena the port of Cartagena
    5. [en descripciones]
    una película de terror a horror movie o Br film;
    la señora de verde the lady in green;
    el chico de la coleta the boy with the ponytail;
    una actriz de veinte años a twenty-year-old actress;
    ¿de qué tamaño? what size?;
    un político de fiar a trustworthy politician
    6. [materia] (made) of;
    un vaso de plástico a plastic cup;
    un reloj de oro a gold watch;
    una mesa de madera a wooden table
    7. [contenido]
    un vaso de agua a glass of water;
    un plato de lentejas a plate of lentils
    8. [precio]
    he comprado las peras de 80 céntimos el kilo I bought the pears that were 80 cents a kilo;
    un sello de 50 céntimos a 50-cent stamp
    9. [uso]
    una bici de carreras a racing bike;
    ropa de deporte sportswear;
    una máquina de coser a sewing machine;
    esta sartén es la del pescado y ésta la de las tortillas this frying pan's for fish and this one's for omelettes
    10. [asunto] about;
    hablábamos de ti we were talking about you;
    libros de historia history books
    11. [en calidad de] as;
    trabaja de bombero he works as a fireman;
    aparece de cosaco he appears as a Cossack, he plays a Cossack;
    estás muy guapa de uniforme you look very pretty in uniform;
    al desfile de carnaval iré de Napoleón I'll go as Napoleon in the carnival parade
    12. [tiempo] [desde] from;
    [durante] in;
    trabaja de nueve a cinco she works from nine to five;
    vivió en Bolivia de 1975 a 1983 she lived in Bolivia between 1975 and 1983, she lived in Bolivia from 1975 to 1983;
    de madrugada early in the morning;
    a las cuatro de la tarde at four in the afternoon;
    trabaja de noche y duerme de día he works at night and sleeps during the day;
    es de día it's daytime;
    de niño solía jugar en la calle as a child I used to play in the street;
    ¿qué quieres ser de mayor? what do you want to be when you grow up?;
    un compañero del colegio a friend from school;
    Urug
    de mañana/tarde in the morning/afternoon;
    Urug
    de noche at night;
    Urug
    ayer salimos de noche we went out last night
    13. [causa] with;
    morirse de hambre to die of hunger;
    llorar de alegría to cry with joy;
    temblar de miedo to tremble with fear;
    eso es de fumar tanto that's what comes from smoking so much
    14. [manera, modo] with;
    de una patada with a kick;
    rompió el cristal de una pedrada he shattered the window with a stone;
    de una sola vez in one go;
    lo bebió de un trago he drank it down in one go;
    de tres en tres/cuatro en cuatro/ etc[m5]. three/four/ etc at a time;
    CSur
    de a tres/cuatro/ etc[m5]. in threes/fours/ etc;
    de fácil manejo user-friendly;
    ponerse de rodillas to kneel down
    15. [con valor partitivo] of;
    uno de los nuestros one of ours;
    varios de nosotros several of us;
    ¿quién de vosotros sabe la respuesta? which of you knows the answer?
    16. Literario [sobre]
    de la paz y la guerra of war and peace
    17. [en valoración]
    lo tacharon de vulgar they branded him as vulgar, they accused him of being vulgar
    18. [en lugar de]
    yo de ti no lo haría I wouldn't do it if I were you;
    yo de Eduardo le pediría perdón if I were Eduardo, I'd say sorry to her
    19. [en comparaciones]
    más/menos de… more/less than…;
    [con superlativos]
    el mejor de todos the best of all;
    el más importante del mundo the most important in the world;
    la peor película del año the worst film this year o of the year;
    la impresora más moderna del mercado the most up-to-date printer on the market
    20. (antes de infinitivo) [condición] if;
    de querer ayudarme, lo haría if she wanted to help me, she'd do it;
    de no ser por ti, me hubiese hundido if it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't have made it;
    de ir a verte, sería este domingo if I do visit you, it'll be this Sunday
    21. (después de adjetivo y antes de sustantivo) [enfatiza cualidad]
    el idiota de tu hermano your stupid brother;
    la buena de Susana good old Susana;
    ¡pobre de mí! poor me!
    22. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo)
    es difícil de creer it's hard to believe;
    una velada imposible de olvidar an unforgettable evening
    23. (después del verbo “haber”) [obligación]
    he de trabajar más I have to work harder;
    has de gastar menos you should spend less
    24. (antes de complemento agente)
    una película de Buñuel a film by Buñuel, a Buñuel film;
    vino acompañado de su familia he was accompanied by his family
    25. (antes de adverbio de lugar)
    el apartamento de abajo the downstairs Br flat o US apartment;
    la fila de delante the front row
    de no loc conj
    Am otherwise;
    dime la verdad, de no te castigaré tell me the truth, otherwise I'm going to punish you
    * * *
    de
    prp
    1 origen from;
    de Nueva York from New York;
    de … a from … to
    2 posesión of;
    el coche de mi amigo my friend’s car
    3 material (made) of;
    un anillo de oro a gold ring
    4 contenido of;
    un vaso de agua a glass of water
    :
    una mujer de 20 años a 20 year old woman
    6 causa with;
    temblaba de miedo she was shaking with fear
    :
    de noche at night, by night;
    de día by day
    8 en calidad de as;
    trabajar de albañil work as a bricklayer;
    de niño as a child
    9 agente by;
    de Goya by Goya
    10 condición if;
    de haberlo sabido if I’d known
    :
    la ciudad de Lima the city of Lima
    * * *
    de prep
    1) : of
    la casa de Pepe: Pepe's house
    un niño de tres años: a three-year-old boy
    2) : from
    es de Managua: she's from Managua
    salió del edificio: he left the building
    3) : in, at
    a las tres de la mañana: at three in the morning
    salen de noche: they go out at night
    4) : than
    más de tres: more than three
    dar
    * * *
    de prep
    5. (materia, tema)
    6. (origen, procedencia) from
    7. (descripción) with / in
    8. (agente) by
    10. (con números, una parte) than / of

    Spanish-English dictionary > de

  • 5 de algún tipo

    Ex. All the banks surveyed used scorecard models of some description, principally to ease blockages in information flow.
    * * *

    Ex: All the banks surveyed used scorecard models of some description, principally to ease blockages in information flow.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de algún tipo

  • 6 de un tipo u otro

    = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description
    Ex. Many libraries may also be involved in maintaining booking records of one type or another: in college libraries these often relate to instructional films hired during term.
    Ex. In these circumstances the book is primarily a medium for the conveyance of information of one sort or another = En estas circunstancias el libro es principalmente un medio para la transmisión de información de diverso tipo.
    Ex. Reprographic equipment of one kind or another is to be found in practically every library.
    Ex. All the banks surveyed used scorecard models of some description, principally to ease blockages in information flow.
    * * *
    = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description

    Ex: Many libraries may also be involved in maintaining booking records of one type or another: in college libraries these often relate to instructional films hired during term.

    Ex: In these circumstances the book is primarily a medium for the conveyance of information of one sort or another = En estas circunstancias el libro es principalmente un medio para la transmisión de información de diverso tipo.
    Ex: Reprographic equipment of one kind or another is to be found in practically every library.
    Ex: All the banks surveyed used scorecard models of some description, principally to ease blockages in information flow.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de un tipo u otro

  • 7 tipo1

    1 = category, class, degree, form, kind, nature, sort, type, ilk, stripe.
    Ex. For some categories of materials it can be difficult to distinguish publishers from distributors and/or producers.
    Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.
    Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex. It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex. Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.
    Ex. Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.
    Ex. There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.
    Ex. Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.
    Ex. The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.
    ----
    * algún tipo de = some, some sort of.
    * algún tipo de + Nombre = one kind of + Nombre + or another.
    * almuerzo tipo bufé = lunch buffet, buffet lunch.
    * asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.
    * con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * de algún tipo = of some description.
    * de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.
    * de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.
    * de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.
    * de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.
    * de tipo general = broad scoped.
    * de tipo medio = middle-range.
    * de todos los tipos = of all stripes.
    * de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description.
    * de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].
    * diabetes del tipo 2 = type 2 diabetes.
    * el tipo de = the range of.
    * ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.
    * este tipo de = such.
    * este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.
    * índice permutado del tipo KWIC = KWICed index.
    * mismo tipo de = same range of.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement.
    * Nombre + de este tipo = such + Nombre.
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind, differ in + kind (from).
    * sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.
    * tipo de cuidado = nasty piece of work.
    * tipo de gravamen = tax rate.
    * tipo de gravamen marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.
    * tipo de interés = interest rate.
    * tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de persona = public.
    * tipo de resumen = abstracting format.
    * tipo de servicio = style of service.
    * tipo fiscal = tax rate.
    * tipo fiscal marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo impositivo = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket.
    * tipo impositivo marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * tipo preferencial = preferential rate.
    * tipo preferente = preferential rate.
    * tipo publicitario = display type.
    * tipos como = the likes of.
    * tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * tipos reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut.
    * tipo televisor = television-type.
    * todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.
    * todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.
    * un tipo de = a kind of.
    * variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.
    * y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tipo1

  • 8 Art

    f; -, -en
    1. nur Sg. (Eigenart, Wesen) nature, kind, way; Fragen allgemeiner Art questions of a general nature; (in oder von) dieser Art of this nature ( oder kind); einzig in seiner Art unique; eine angenehme / gewinnende Art haben have a pleasant manner / winning way; sie hat eine nette Art zu lachen / mit Kindern ( umzugehen) she has a nice laugh / she has a nice way with children; es ist nicht seine Art zu (+ Inf.) he’s not the sort to (+ Inf.) das ist eigentlich nicht i-e Art that’s not like her (at all); das ist nun mal seine Art that’s the way he is
    2. Art ( und Weise) way, manner; (Verfahren) method; (Stil) style; auf die(se) Art (in) this way ( oder manner); auf irgendeine Art oder auf die eine oder andere Art somehow or other; auf welche Art? in which way?; auf keine Art in no way, auf mehrere / verschiedene Arten in several / different ways; auf freundliche / ruhige Art kindly / quietly; das macht sie auf ihre ( eigene) Art she has her own way of doing it; das wäre die einfachste / geschickteste Art zu (+ Inf.) that would be the easiest / most elegant way to (+ Inf.) die Art, wie er das macht the way he does that; in der Art Haydns in the style of Haydn; nach der Art (+ Gen oder von) along the lines of, after the fashion of; GASTR. in the style of...,... style; nach Art des Hauses GASTR. а la maison
    3. nur Sg.; umg. (gutes Benehmen) behavio(u)r, manners Pl.; ist das denn eine Art ( sich zu benehmen)? is that any way to behave?; das ist ( doch) keine Art! that’s no way to behave; sie lacht, lügt, dass es ( nur so) eine Art hat good and proper, like you wouldn’t believe; die feine englische Art umg. the proper way to behave
    4. (Sorte, Qualität) kind, sort, type; Geräte etc. aller Art auch tools etc. of every description; was für eine Art Mensch ist er? what sort of person is he?; eine Art... a kind ( oder sort, type) of...; eine Art Künstler etc. iro. an artist of sorts; jede Art von Gewalt ablehnen reject all forms of violence
    5. BIO. species; umg. (Rasse) race; (Sorte) breed, sort; sie ist völlig aus der Art geschlagen fig. she’s not like anyone else in the family; Art lässt nicht von Art Sprichw. it runs in the family; Darwins „Entstehung der Arten“ Darwin’s „Origin of Species“
    * * *
    die Art
    (Benehmen) behaviour; behavior; manners;
    (Beschaffenheit) quality; nature;
    (Biologie) species; race;
    (Methode) way; mode; manner;
    (Sorte) variety; type; sort; description; kind;
    (Stil) style
    * * *
    [aːɐt]
    f -, -en
    1) kind, sort, type

    diese Árt Leute/Buch — people/books like that, that kind or sort of person/book

    jede Árt (von) Buch/Terror — any kind etc of book/terrorism, a book of any kind etc/terrorism in any form

    alle möglichen Árten von Büchern, Bücher aller Árt — all kinds or sorts of books, books of all kinds or sorts

    einzig in seiner Árt sein — to be the only one of its kind, to be unique

    aus der Árt schlagen — not to take after anyone in the family

    2) (BIOL) species
    3) (= Methode) way

    auf die Árt — in that way or manner

    auf die Árt geht es am schnellsten — that is the quickest way

    auf merkwürdige/grausame etc Árt — in a strange/cruel etc way

    die einfachste Árt, etw zu tun — the simplest way to do sth or of doing sth

    auf diese Árt und Weise — in this way

    4) (= Wesen) nature; (= übliche Verhaltensweise) way

    es entspricht nicht meiner Árt — it's not my nature

    das ist eigentlich nicht seine Árt —

    von lebhafter Árt sein — to have a lively nature to have a lively way (with one)

    5) (= Stil) style

    nach bayrischer Árt — Bavarian style

    Schnitzel nach Árt des Hauses — schnitzel à la maison

    6) (= Benehmen) behaviour (Brit), behavior (US)

    das ist doch keine Árt! — that's no way to behave!

    was ist das ( denn) für eine Árt? — what sort of a way to behave is that?

    ist das vielleicht or etwa eine Árt! — that's no way to behave!

    * * *
    die
    1) (a variety: He has his own brand of humour.) brand
    2) (a kind or type: modes of transport.) mode
    3) (a sort or kind: He carried a gun of some description.) description
    4) (a kind, type or variety: What form of ceremony usually takes place when someone gets a promotion?) form
    5) (a sort or type: What kind of car is it?; He is not the kind of man who would be cruel to children.) kind
    6) (the way in which a person behaves, speaks etc: I don't like her manner.) manner
    7) (a kind, type etc: bankers and other people of that nature.) nature
    8) (a class, type or kind: I like all sorts of books; She was wearing a sort of crown.) sort
    9) (a group (of animals etc) whose members are so similar or closely related as to be able to breed together: There are se-veral species of zebra.) species
    10) (a kind or sort.) species
    11) (a kind, sort; variety: What type of house would you prefer to live in?; They are marketing a new type of washing powder.) type
    * * *
    <-, -en>
    [a:ɐ̯t, pl ˈa:ɐ̯tn̩]
    f
    1. (Sorte) sort, type, kind
    er sammelt alle möglichen \Arten von Schmetterlingen he collects all sorts of butterflies
    ein Schurke der übelsten \Art a rogue of the nastiest sort [or type]
    eine/diese \Art a/this sort [or kind] of
    2. (Methode) way
    eine merkwürdige \Art an odd [or strange] way
    auf die [o diese] \Art und Weise [in] this way
    auf die \Art und Weise geht es am schnellsten it's quicker this way
    auf grausame/merkwürdige/ungeklärte \Art in a cruel/strange/unknown way
    nach \Art des Hauses KOCHK à la maison
    3. (Wesensart) nature
    von lebhafter/ruhiger/etc. \Art sein to be of a lively/quiet/etc. nature
    4. (Verhaltensweise) behaviour [or AM -or]
    das ist doch keine \Art! (fam) that's no way to behave!
    ist das vielleicht eine \Art? (fam) is that any way to behave?
    5. BIOL species
    6. (Stil) style
    7.
    einzig sein in seiner \Art to be the only one of its kind
    aus der \Art schlagen (Familie) to go a different way, not to run true to type
    * * *
    die; Art, Arten
    1) (Sorte) kind; sort; (Biol.): (Spezies) species

    Tische/Bücher aller Art — tables/books of all kinds or sorts; all kinds or sorts of tables/books

    diese Art [von] Menschen — that kind or sort of person; people like that

    [so] eine Art... — a sort or kind of...

    aus der Art schlagen — not be true to type; (in einer Familie) be different from all the rest of the family

    2) o. Pl. (Wesen) nature; (Verhaltensweise) manner; way

    das entspricht nicht seiner Art — it's not [in] his nature; that's not his way

    3) o. Pl. (gutes Benehmen) behaviour

    die feine englische Art(ugs.) the proper way to behave

    4) (Weise) way

    nach Art des Hauses(Kochk.) à la maison

    nach Schweizer od. auf schweizerische Art — (Kochk.) Swiss style

    * * *
    Art f; -, -en
    1. nur sg (Eigenart, Wesen) nature, kind, way;
    Fragen allgemeiner Art questions of a general nature;
    (
    in oder
    von)
    dieser Art of this nature ( oder kind);
    eine angenehme/gewinnende Art haben have a pleasant manner/winning way;
    sie hat eine nette Art zu lachen/mit Kindern (umzugehen) she has a nice laugh/she has a nice way with children;
    es ist nicht seine Art zu (+inf) he’s not the sort to (+inf)
    das ist eigentlich nicht i-e Art that’s not like her (at all);
    das ist nun mal seine Art that’s the way he is
    2.
    Art (und Weise) way, manner; (Verfahren) method; (Stil) style;
    auf die(se) Art (in) this way ( oder manner);
    auf die eine oder andere Art somehow or other;
    auf welche Art? in which way?;
    auf keine Art in no way,
    auf mehrere/verschiedene Arten in several/different ways;
    auf freundliche/ruhige Art kindly/quietly;
    das macht sie auf ihre (eigene) Art she has her own way of doing it;
    das wäre die einfachste/geschickteste Art zu (+inf) that would be the easiest/most elegant way to (+inf)
    die Art, wie er das macht the way he does that;
    in der Art Haydns in the style of Haydn;
    nach der Art (+gen oder
    von) along the lines of, after the fashion of; GASTR in the style of …, … style;
    nach Art des Hauses GASTR à la maison
    3. nur sg; umg (gutes Benehmen) behavio(u)r, manners pl;
    ist das denn eine Art sich zu benehmen)? is that any way to behave?;
    das ist (doch) keine Art! that’s no way to behave; sie lacht, lügt,
    dass es (nur so) eine Art hat good and proper, like you wouldn’t believe;
    die feine englische Art umg the proper way to behave
    4. (Sorte, Qualität) kind, sort, type;
    Geräte etc
    aller Art auch tools etc of every description;
    was für eine Art Mensch ist er? what sort of person is he?;
    eine Art … a kind ( oder sort, type) of …;
    eine Art Künstler etc iron an artist of sorts;
    jede Art von Gewalt ablehnen reject all forms of violence
    5. BIOL species; umg (Rasse) race; (Sorte) breed, sort;
    sie ist völlig aus der Art geschlagen fig she’s not like anyone else in the family;
    Art lässt nicht von Art sprichw it runs in the family;
    Darwins „Entstehung der Arten“ Darwin’s “Origin of Species”
    * * *
    die; Art, Arten
    1) (Sorte) kind; sort; (Biol.): (Spezies) species

    Tische/Bücher aller Art — tables/books of all kinds or sorts; all kinds or sorts of tables/books

    diese Art [von] Menschen — that kind or sort of person; people like that

    [so] eine Art... — a sort or kind of...

    aus der Art schlagen — not be true to type; (in einer Familie) be different from all the rest of the family

    2) o. Pl. (Wesen) nature; (Verhaltensweise) manner; way

    das entspricht nicht seiner Art — it's not [in] his nature; that's not his way

    3) o. Pl. (gutes Benehmen) behaviour

    die feine englische Art(ugs.) the proper way to behave

    4) (Weise) way

    nach Art des Hauses(Kochk.) à la maison

    nach Schweizer od. auf schweizerische Art — (Kochk.) Swiss style

    * * *
    -en f.
    breed n.
    description n.
    fashion n.
    kind n.
    manner n.
    mode n.
    sort n.
    species n.
    type n.
    variety n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Art

  • 9 slags

    brand, form, kind, nature, sort, type
    * * *
    (en) kind, sort ( fx all kinds (el. sorts) of people (, things); she was wearing a sort of cloak; people of your kind (el. sort)), type,
    T description ( fx people of that (, every) description (, type); a gun of some description);
    ( præg) stamp ( fx people of your stamp; he is of a different stamp);
    ( kvalitet) quality;
    [ han er af den slags mænd som] he is the kind of man that;
    [ nå han er af den slags!] so that is the sort of man he is! so he is that sort, is he!
    [ noget af den slags] something of the kind;
    [ den slags ( ting)] that sort of thing; something like that;
    [ den slags bøger] that kind (el. sort) of book, books of that kind (el.
    sort),
    T those kind (el. sort) of books,
    F such books;
    ( om art) what kind of, what sort of ( fx what kind of tree is it?
    what kind (el. sort) of car has he got? a sportscar);
    ( om kvalitet) what kind (el. sort) of a ( fx what kind (el. sort) of a car has he got? an old banger);
    (se også vejr).

    Danish-English dictionary > slags

  • 10 विभावन


    vi-bhāvana
    mfn. causing to appear, developing, manifesting Hariv. ;

    (ā) f. (in rhet.) description of effects the causes of which are left to be conjectured ( orᅠ accord. toᅠ some, « description by negatives, bringing out the qualities of any object more clearly than by positive description») Vām. Kāvyâd. etc.;
    n. causing to appear orᅠ become visible, development, creation BhP. ( Sch. = pālana);
    showing, manifesting Kull. on Mn. IX, 76 ;
    clear perception, examination, judgment, clear ascertainment Mn. Vikr. ;
    (ifc.) reflection on Kathās. ;
    the act of producing a partic. emotion by a work of art Sāh. ;
    -nâ̱laṉkāra m. the rhetorical figure described above MW.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > विभावन

  • 11 बला _balā

    बला 1 N. of a powerful lore or incantation (taught by Viśvāmitra to Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa); तौ बलाति- बलयोः प्रभावतः R.11.9. (For some description see the quotation under अतिबला).
    -2 N. of medicinal herbs नागबेल and जयन्ती.
    -3 The earth; Gīrvāṇa.
    -Comp. -पञ्चकम् A pentad of the five medicinal herbs; बला, महाबला, नागबला, अतिबला and राजबला. The Bhāvaprakāsacute;a however, mentions बलाचतुष्टय; बलाचतुष्टयं शीतं मधुरं बलकान्ति- कृत् । स्निग्ध्नं ग्राहि समीरास्रपित्तास्रक्षतनाशनम् ॥

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > बला _balā

  • 12 descripción

    f.
    1 description, definition, outline, describing.
    2 word picture.
    * * *
    1 description
    2 (acción de trazar) tracing, describing, description
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino description
    * * *
    = description, disclosure, identification, picture, specification, specifications, profiling, depiction, recounting, portrayal.
    Ex. The indexing process creates a description of a document or information, usually in some recognized and accepted style of format.
    Ex. The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    Ex. The second step towards an index involves the identification of the concepts within a document which are worthy of indexing.
    Ex. No pretence is made of their being either a balanced or complete picture of the article.
    Ex. The Working Group was charged with the specification of the procedures and studies needed to undertake the tasks.
    Ex. The specifications, however, are confined to the overall structure and major functional components of the entry.
    Ex. Some excursions into cognitive science have led to the profiling of users' backgrounds, differences and immediate need.
    Ex. Miss Laski suggests that the depiction of life found in many novels is naive, over-simplified and, as a constant diet, can do more harm than good.
    Ex. This is a recounting of the technologies most likely to facilitate the sharing of resources among libraries.
    Ex. Pictorial sources are created by the portrayal of historical events or subjects using, inter alia, a paint brush, drawing-pen, or pencil, graphic techniques or the camera.
    ----
    * área de descripción = area of description.
    * área de descripción física = physical description area.
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del UNISIST = UNIBID.
    * descripción analítica = analytical description.
    * descripción bibliográfica = bibliographic description.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional (ISBD) = ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description).
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material antiguo (ISBD = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * descripción catalográfica = cataloguing description.
    * Descripción de Archivos Codificada (EAD) = Encoded Archival Description (EAD).
    * descripción de documentos de archivo = archival description.
    * descripción de las funciones = job description, job profile.
    * descripción del contenido = subject statement.
    * descripción del documento = document description.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * descripción del solicitante = personnel description.
    * descripción de subcampo = subfield description.
    * descripción documental = document description.
    * descripción física = physical description, physical details.
    * descripción global = outline.
    * hacer una descripción = give + description.
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * Manual de Descripción de Archivos = Manual of Archival Description (MAD).
    * niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.
    * Norma General Internacional para la Descripción de Archivos (ISAD-G) = General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)).
    * Norma Internacional para la Descripción de Archivos (ISAD) = International Standard Archival Description (ISAD).
    * * *
    femenino description
    * * *
    = description, disclosure, identification, picture, specification, specifications, profiling, depiction, recounting, portrayal.

    Ex: The indexing process creates a description of a document or information, usually in some recognized and accepted style of format.

    Ex: The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    Ex: The second step towards an index involves the identification of the concepts within a document which are worthy of indexing.
    Ex: No pretence is made of their being either a balanced or complete picture of the article.
    Ex: The Working Group was charged with the specification of the procedures and studies needed to undertake the tasks.
    Ex: The specifications, however, are confined to the overall structure and major functional components of the entry.
    Ex: Some excursions into cognitive science have led to the profiling of users' backgrounds, differences and immediate need.
    Ex: Miss Laski suggests that the depiction of life found in many novels is naive, over-simplified and, as a constant diet, can do more harm than good.
    Ex: This is a recounting of the technologies most likely to facilitate the sharing of resources among libraries.
    Ex: Pictorial sources are created by the portrayal of historical events or subjects using, inter alia, a paint brush, drawing-pen, or pencil, graphic techniques or the camera.
    * área de descripción = area of description.
    * área de descripción física = physical description area.
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del UNISIST = UNIBID.
    * descripción analítica = analytical description.
    * descripción bibliográfica = bibliographic description.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional (ISBD) = ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description).
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material antiguo (ISBD = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * descripción catalográfica = cataloguing description.
    * Descripción de Archivos Codificada (EAD) = Encoded Archival Description (EAD).
    * descripción de documentos de archivo = archival description.
    * descripción de las funciones = job description, job profile.
    * descripción del contenido = subject statement.
    * descripción del documento = document description.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * descripción del solicitante = personnel description.
    * descripción de subcampo = subfield description.
    * descripción documental = document description.
    * descripción física = physical description, physical details.
    * descripción global = outline.
    * hacer una descripción = give + description.
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * Manual de Descripción de Archivos = Manual of Archival Description (MAD).
    * niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.
    * Norma General Internacional para la Descripción de Archivos (ISAD-G) = General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)).
    * Norma Internacional para la Descripción de Archivos (ISAD) = International Standard Archival Description (ISAD).

    * * *
    description
    hizo una fiel descripción de los hechos she gave an accurate description o account of events
    * * *

     

    descripción sustantivo femenino
    description
    descripción sustantivo femenino description
    ' descripción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caracterización
    - corresponderse
    - retratar
    - retrato
    - seña
    - somera
    - somero
    - viva
    - vivo
    - calificación
    - corresponder
    - detallado
    - encajar
    - exacto
    - impresionista
    - reseña
    - responder
    - sensual
    - sensualidad
    English:
    colourful
    - delineate
    - description
    - exact
    - fit
    - full
    - job description
    - loose
    - match
    - sketch
    - sketchy
    - understatement
    - vivid
    - with
    - answer
    - depiction
    - job
    - portrayal
    * * *
    description;
    una descripción de los hechos an account of what happened
    * * *
    f description
    * * *
    descripción nf, pl - ciones : description
    * * *
    descripción n description

    Spanish-English dictionary > descripción

  • 13 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 14 rareza

    f.
    1 rarity.
    2 infrequency.
    3 idiosyncrasy, eccentricity (extravagancia).
    4 oddity, quirk, singularity, peculiarity.
    5 rare thing.
    6 uncommonness, infrequency.
    * * *
    1 (poco común) rarity, rareness
    2 (escasez) scarcity
    4 (extravagancia) eccentricity
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=calidad) rarity
    2) (=objeto) rarity
    3) (=rasgo singular) oddity, peculiarity

    tiene sus rarezas — he has his peculiarities, he has his little ways

    * * *
    a) ( peculiaridad) peculiarity
    b) ( cosa poco común) rarity
    c) ( cualidad) rareness
    * * *
    = oddity, rarity, strangeness, quirk, weirdness, uncanniness, eeriness, exoticism, rareness, geekiness, eccentricity.
    Ex. A brief description of the catalogue and some of its oddities and idiosyncrasies is given.
    Ex. This article provides a description of rare books and some criteria for their identification: rarity, monetary value, age, limited editions and association.
    Ex. There is no doubt that the 'strangeness' of some of the headings compared with natural language has militated against their widespread acceptance.
    Ex. Biographers will find many, hitherto undiscovered, traits of character or quirks of career of the famous or notorious emerging out of apparently insignificant or unremarked ephemera.
    Ex. As examples of this weirdness he points to such instances as the bombings in Nevada and the militias in Arizona.
    Ex. The author shares with her readers her awareness of the dilemmas raised by the uncanniness of her subjects.
    Ex. The eeriness of the novel is increased by the everyday look of its characters.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Diplomatics for photographic images: academic exoticism?'.
    Ex. Their supposed rareness seems to be due to a bias of sampling.
    Ex. We will evaluate proposals on criteria of usefulness, newness, geekiness, and diversity of topics.
    Ex. In spite of his growing eccentricity, fruitful ideas continued to spring from his imagination.
    * * *
    a) ( peculiaridad) peculiarity
    b) ( cosa poco común) rarity
    c) ( cualidad) rareness
    * * *
    = oddity, rarity, strangeness, quirk, weirdness, uncanniness, eeriness, exoticism, rareness, geekiness, eccentricity.

    Ex: A brief description of the catalogue and some of its oddities and idiosyncrasies is given.

    Ex: This article provides a description of rare books and some criteria for their identification: rarity, monetary value, age, limited editions and association.
    Ex: There is no doubt that the 'strangeness' of some of the headings compared with natural language has militated against their widespread acceptance.
    Ex: Biographers will find many, hitherto undiscovered, traits of character or quirks of career of the famous or notorious emerging out of apparently insignificant or unremarked ephemera.
    Ex: As examples of this weirdness he points to such instances as the bombings in Nevada and the militias in Arizona.
    Ex: The author shares with her readers her awareness of the dilemmas raised by the uncanniness of her subjects.
    Ex: The eeriness of the novel is increased by the everyday look of its characters.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Diplomatics for photographic images: academic exoticism?'.
    Ex: Their supposed rareness seems to be due to a bias of sampling.
    Ex: We will evaluate proposals on criteria of usefulness, newness, geekiness, and diversity of topics.
    Ex: In spite of his growing eccentricity, fruitful ideas continued to spring from his imagination.

    * * *
    1 (peculiaridad) peculiarity
    todos tenemos nuestras rarezas we all have our peculiarities o our little quirks
    el libro es considerado una rareza the book is considered a rarity
    3 (cualidad) rareness, rarity
    * * *

    rareza sustantivo femenino



    rareza sustantivo femenino
    1 (objeto) rarity
    2 (cualidad) rareness
    3 (manía) peculiarity: no soporto sus rarezas, I can't stand his irritating mannerisms
    ' rareza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    singularidad
    English:
    oddity
    - peculiarity
    - quaintness
    - quirk
    - rarity
    * * *
    rareza nf
    1. [cualidad de raro] rareness, rarity
    2. [objeto raro] rarity
    3. [infrecuencia] infrequency
    4. [extravagancia] idiosyncrasy, eccentricity
    * * *
    f rarity
    * * *
    rareza nf
    1) : rarity
    2) : peculiarity, oddity

    Spanish-English dictionary > rareza

  • 15 reseña

    f.
    1 review, report, summary.
    2 outline, description, sketch, profile.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: reseñar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: reseñar.
    * * *
    1 (crítica) review; (en prensa) write-up
    2 (descripción) description
    3 (narración) account
    4 MILITAR review
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=resumen) outline, summary; [de libro] review
    2) (=descripción) brief description
    3) (Mil) review
    4) Cono Sur, esp Chile (=procesión) procession held on Passion Sunday
    * * *
    a) (de congreso, reunión) summary, report; ( de libro) review

    una reseña histórica/biográfica — a historical/biographical outline

    b) ( descripción) description; (sobre escritor, deportista) profile
    * * *
    = review, survey, write-up.
    Ex. The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.
    Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex. If you read some of their write-ups, you can be sure that their endgame is to give a part of this country to Tamils.
    ----
    * breve reseña = thumbnail sketch.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * reseña bibliográfica = publications review, review.
    * reseña biográfica = biographical note.
    * reseña crítica = critical review, critical survey.
    * reseña de congreso = conference report.
    * reseña de prensa = press review.
    * reseña de un + Nombre = Nombre + in profile.
    * * *
    a) (de congreso, reunión) summary, report; ( de libro) review

    una reseña histórica/biográfica — a historical/biographical outline

    b) ( descripción) description; (sobre escritor, deportista) profile
    * * *
    = review, survey, write-up.

    Ex: The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.

    Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex: If you read some of their write-ups, you can be sure that their endgame is to give a part of this country to Tamils.
    * breve reseña = thumbnail sketch.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * reseña bibliográfica = publications review, review.
    * reseña biográfica = biographical note.
    * reseña crítica = critical review, critical survey.
    * reseña de congreso = conference report.
    * reseña de prensa = press review.
    * reseña de un + Nombre = Nombre + in profile.

    * * *
    1 (de un congreso, una reunión) summary, report; (de un libro) review
    hizo la reseña del partido he wrote the report on the game
    quisiera empezar con una pequeña reseña histórica I'd like to begin with a brief historical outline
    la reseña biográfica que aparece en la solapa the biographical notes which appear on the jacket flap
    2 (descripción) description
    la reseña policial del sospechoso the police description of the suspect
    reseñas sobre diversos escritores profiles of several authors
    * * *

     

    Del verbo reseñar: ( conjugate reseñar)

    reseña es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    reseña    
    reseñar
    reseña sustantivo femenino
    a) (de congreso, reunión) summary, report;

    ( de libro) review;


    (sobre escritor, deportista) profile
    reseña sustantivo femenino
    1 Prensa review: escribe reseñas de películas en varios periódicos, she writes film reviews for several newspapers
    2 (breve relato) summary, quick account
    reseñar vtr Prensa to review: reseñaron su novela en una importante revista, a prominent magazine reviewed his novel
    ' reseña' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    crítica
    English:
    review
    - profile
    - write
    * * *
    1. [crítica] [de libro, concierto, película] review;
    [de partido, conferencia] report;
    hizo o [m5] escribió una reseña de la película she reviewed the movie, she wrote a review of the movie
    2. [descripción] description;
    hizo una reseña de su atacante she gave a description of her attacker
    * * *
    f review
    * * *
    1) : report, summary, review
    2) : description
    * * *
    reseña n review

    Spanish-English dictionary > reseña

  • 16 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
    153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.
    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.
    164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.
    165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.
    166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.
    167. Dickes, R. (1967) Severe regressive disruption of the therapeutic alliance. JAPA, 15.
    168. Dickes, R. (1981) Sexual myths and misinformation. In: Understanding Human Behaviour in Health and Illness, ed. R. C. Simon & H. Pardes. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    169. Dorpat, T. L. (1985) Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. New York: Jason Aronson.
    170. Downey, T. W. (1978) Transitional phenomena in the analysis of early adolescent males. PSOC, 33.
    171. Dunbar, F. (1954) Emotions and Bodily Functions. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    172. Easson, W. M. (1973) The earliest ego development, primitive memory traces, and the Isakower phenomenon. PQ, 42.
    173. Edelheit, H. (1971) Mythopoiesis and the primal scene. Psychoanal. Study Society, 5.
    174. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relation ships, part I. PSOC, 27.
    175. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1975) The phallicnarcissistic phase. PSOC, 30.
    176. Eidelberg, L. (1960) A third contribution to the study of slips of the tongue. IJP, 41.
    177. Eidelberg, L. (1968) Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-MacMillan.
    178. Eissler, K. R. (1953) The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 1.
    179. Ellenberg, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.
    180. Emde, R. N. (1980) Toward a psychoanalytic theory of affect: I. & G. H. Pollock. Washington NYMH.
    181. Emde R., Gaensbaner, T. & Harmon R. (1976) Emotional Expression in Infancy. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    182. Erode R. & Harmon, R. J. (1972) Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 11.
    183. Engel, G. L. (1962) Psychological Development in Health and Disease. New York Saunders.
    184. Engel, G. L. (1967) Psychoanalytic theory of somatic disorder. JAPA, 15.
    185. Engel, G. L. (1968) A reconsideration of the role of conversion in somatic disease. Compr. Psychiat., 94.
    186. English, H. B. & English, A. C. (1958) A comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. New York: David McKay.
    187. Erard, R. (1983) New wine in old skins. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 10.
    188. Erdelyi, M. H. (1985) Psychoanalysis. New York: W. H. Freeman.
    189. Erikson, E. H. (1950) Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
    190. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The concept of ego identity. JAPA, 4.
    191. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The problem of ego identity. JAPA, 4.
    192. Esman, A. H. (1973) The primal scene. PSOC, 28.
    193. Esman, A. H. (1975) The Psychology of Adolescence. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    194. Esman, A. H. (1979) Some reflections on boredom. JAPA, 27.
    195. Esman, A. H. (1983) The "stimulus barrier": a review and reconsideration. PSOC, 38.
    196. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1952) Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    197. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1954) An Object-Relations Theory of the Personality. New York: Basic Books.
    198. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1963) Synopsis of an Object-Relations theory of the personality. IJP, 44.
    199. Fawcett, J., Clark, D. C., Scheftner, W. H. & Hedecker, D. (1983) Differences between anhedonia and normal hedonic depressive states. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 40.
    200. Fenichel, O. (1934) On the psychology of boredom. Collected Papers. New York: Norton, 1953, vol. 1.
    201. Fenichel, O. (1941) Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique. Albany, N. Y.: Psychoanalytic Quaterly.
    202. Fenichel, O. (1945) Character disorders. In: The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Neurosis. New York: Norton.
    203. Fenichel, O. (1945) The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis New York: Norton.
    204. Fenichel, O. (1954) Ego strength and ego weakness. Collected Papers. New York: Norton, vol. 2.
    205. Ferenczi, S. (1909) Introjection and transference. In: Sex in Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
    206. Ferenczi, S. (191617) Disease or patho-neurosis. The Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1950.
    207. Ferenczi, S. (1925) Psychoanalysis of sexual habits. In: The Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
    208. Fine, B. D., Joseph, E. D. & Waldhorn, H. F., eds. (1971) Recollection and Reconstruction in Psychoanalysis. Monograph 4, Kris Study Group. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    209. Fink, G. (1967) Analysis of the Isakower phenomenon. JAPA, 15.
    210. Fink, P. J. (1970) Correlation between "actual" neurosis and the work of Masters and Johson. P. Q, 39.
    211. Finkenstein, L. (1975) Awe premature ejaculation. P. Q, 44.
    212. Firestein, S. K. (1978) A review of the literature. In: Termination in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    213. Fisher, C. et. al. (1957) A study of the preliminary stages of the construction of dreams and images. JAPA, 5.
    214. Fisher, C. et. al. (1968) Cycle of penile erection synchronous with dreaming (REM) sleep. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 12.
    215. Fliess, R. (1942) The metapsychology of the analyst. PQ, 12.
    216. Fliess, R. (1953) The Revival of Interest in the Dream. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    217. Fodor, N. & Gaynor, F. (1950) Freud: Dictionary of Psycho-analysis. New York: Philosophical Library.
    218. Fordham, M. (1969) Children as Individuals. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
    219. Fordham, M. (1976) The Self and Autism. London: Academic Press.
    220. Fraiberg, S. (1969) Object constancy and mental representation. PSOC, 24.
    221. Frank, A. Metapsychology. PMS. Forthcoming.
    222. Frank, A. & Muslin, H. (1967) The development of Freud's concept of primal repression. PSOC, 22.
    223. Frank, H. (1977) Dynamic patterns for failure in college students. Can. Psychiat. Ass. J., 22.
    224. French, T. & Fromm, E. (1964) Dream Interpretation. New York: Basic Books.
    225. Freud, A. (1936) The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    226. Freud, A. (1951) Observations on child development. PSOC, 6.
    227. Freud, A. (1952) The mutual influences in the development of ego and id. WAF, 4.
    228. Freud, A. (1958) Adolescence. WAF, 5.
    229. Freud, A. (1962) Assessment of childhood disturbances. PSOC, 17.
    230. Freud, A. (1962) Comments on psychic trauma. In: Furst (1967).
    231. Freud, A. (1963) The concept of developmental lines. PSOC, 18.
    232. Freud, A. (1965) Assessment of pathology, part 2. WAF, 6.
    233. Freud, A. (1965) Normality and Pathology in Childhood. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    234. Freud, A. (1970) The infantile neurosis. WAF, 7.
    235. Freud, A. (1971) Comments on aggression. IJP, 53.
    236. Freud, A. (1971) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 26.
    237. Freud, A. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    238. Freud, S. (1887—1902) Letters to Wilhelm Fliess. New York: Basic Books, 1954.
    239. Freud, S. (1891) On the interpretation of the aphasias. SE, 3.
    240. Freud, S. (1893—95) Studies on hysteria. SE, 2.
    241. Freud, S. (1894) The neuropsychoses of defence. SE, 3.
    242. Freud, S. (1895) On the ground for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description "anxiety neurosis". SE, 3.
    243. Freud, S. (1895) Project for a scientific psychology. SE, 1.
    244. Freud, S. (1896) Draft K, Jameary 1, 1896, Neuroses of defense (A Christmas fairytale). In: Extracts from the Fliess papers (1892—99).
    245. Freud, S. (1896) Further remarks on the neuropsychosis of defense. SE, 3.
    246. Freud, S. (1896) Heredity and aetiology of neurosis. SE, 3.
    247. Freud, S. (1898) Sexuality in the aetiology of the neurosis. SE, 3.
    248. Freud, S. (1899) Screen memories. SE, 3.
    249. Freud, S. (1900) The interpretation of dreams. SE, 4—5.
    250. Freud, S. (1901) Childhood memories and screen memories SE, 6.
    251. Freud, S. (1901) On dreams. SE, 5.
    252. Freud, S. (1901) The psychopathology of everyday life. SE, 6.
    253. Freud, S. (1905) Fragments of an analysis of a case of hysteria. SE, 7.
    254. Freud, S. (1905) Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. SE, 8.
    255. Freud, S. (1905) Psysical (or mental) treatment. SE, 7.
    256. Freud, S. (1905) Three essays on the theory of sexuality. SE. 7.
    257. Freud, S. (1908) Character and anal erotism. SE, 9.
    258. Freud, S. (1908) On the sexual theories of children. SE, 9.
    259. Freud, S. (1908) Preface to Wilhelm Stekel's Nervous Anxiety-States and Their Treatment. SE, 9.
    260. Freud, S. (1909) Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. SE, 10.
    261. Freud, S. (1909) Family romances. SE, 9.
    262. Freud, S. (1909) Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis. SE, 10.
    263. Freud, S. (1910) A special type of choice of object made by men. SE, 11.
    264. Freud, S. (1910) The autithentical meaning of primal words. SE, 11.
    265. Freud, S. (1910) The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy. SE, 11.
    266. Freud, S. (1910) The psychoanalytic view of psychogenic disturbance of vision. SE, 11.
    267. Freud, S. (1911) Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning. SE, 12.
    268. Freud, S. (1911) Notes on a case of paranoia. SE, 12.
    269. Freud, S. (1911) Psychoanalytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia. SE, 12.
    270. Freud, S. (1911—15) Papers on technique. SE, 12.
    271. Freud, S. (1912) Contribution to a discussion on masturbation. SE, 12.
    272. Freud, S. (1912) On the universal tendency to abasement in the sphere of love. SE, 11.
    273. Freud, S. (1912) The dynamics of transference. SE, 12.
    274. Freud, S. (1913) Editor's note The disposition to obsessional neurosis. SE, 12.
    275. Freud, S. (1913) On beginning the treatment. SE, 12.
    276. Freud, S. (1913) Totem and taboo. SE, 13.
    277. Freud, S. (1914) Fausse reconnaissance (deja reconte) in psychoanalytic treatment. SE, 13.
    278. Freud, S. (1914) Mourning and melancholia. SE, 15.
    279. Freud, S. (1914) Observations on transference love. SE, 12.
    280. Freud, S. (1914) On narcissism. SE. 14.
    281. Freud, S. (1914) On the history of the psychoanalytic movement. SE, 14.
    282. Freud, S. (1914) Remembering, repeating, and working-through. SE, 12.
    283. Freud, S. (1914—16) Some character types met with in psychoanalysis. (II) Those wrecked by success SE, 14.
    284. Freud, S. (1915) Das UnbewuЯte. Gesammelte Werke, 10.
    285. Freud, S. (1915) Instincts and their vicissitudes. SE, 14.
    286. Freud, S. (1915) Observation on transference-love. SE, I2.
    287. Freud, S. (1915) Repression. SE, 14.
    288. Freud, S. (1915) The unconscious. SE, 14.
    289. Freud, S. (1915—17) Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. SE, 15 & 16.
    290. Freud, S. (1916) Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. SE, 16.
    291. Freud, S. (1916) Some character types met with in psychoanalytic work. SE, 16.
    292. Freud, S. (1917) A metapsychological supplement to the theory of dreams. SE, 14.
    293. Freud, S. (1917) Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. SE, 16.
    294. Freud, S. (1917) Mourning and melancholia. SE, 14.
    295. Freud, S. (1917) On transformations of instinct as exemplified in anal erotism. SE, 17.
    296. Freud, S. (1918) From the history of an infantile neurosis. SE, 17.
    297. Freud, S. (1919) "A child is being beaten". SE, 17.
    298. Freud, S. (1919) Lines of advance in psychoanalytic therapy. SE, 17.
    299. Freud, S. (1919) The uncanny. SE, 17.
    300. Freud, S. (1920) Beyond the pleasure principle. SE, 18.
    301. Freud, S. (1920) The Psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman. SE, 18.
    302. Freud, S. (1921) Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. SE, 18.
    303. Freud, S. (1923) The ego and the id. SE, 19.
    304. Freud, S. (1923) The infantile genital organization. SE, 19.
    305. Freud, S. (1924) A short account of psychoanalysis. SE, 19.
    306. Freud, S. (1924) Neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19.
    307. Freud, S. (1924) The dissolution of the Oedipus complex SE, 19.
    308. Freud, S. (1924) The economic problem of masochism. SE, 19.
    309. Freud, S. (1924) The loss of reality in neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19.
    310. Freud, S. (1925) Negation. SE, 19.
    311. Freud, S. (1925) Some psychical consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. SE, 19.
    312. Freud, S. (1926) Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. SE, 20.
    313. Freud, S. (1926) The question of lay analysis. SE, 20.
    314. Freud, S. (1927) Fetishism. SE, 21.
    315. Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its discontents. SE, 21.
    316. Freud, S. (1931) Female sexuality. SE, 21.
    317. Freud, S. (1931) Libidinal types. SE, 21.
    318. Freud, S. (1933) Femininity. SE, 22,.
    319. Freud, S. (1933) New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. SE, 22.
    320. Freud, S. (1933) The psychology of women. New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. SE, 22.
    321. Freud, S. (1936) A disturbance of memory on the Acropolis. SE, 22.
    322. Freud, S. (1937) Analysis terminable and interminable. SE, 23.
    323. Freud, S. (1937) Constructions in analysis. SE, 23.
    324. Freud, S. (1938) An outline on psychoanalysis. SE, 23.
    325. Freud, S. (1938) Splitting of the ego in the process of defense. SE, 23.
    326. Freud, S. (1939) Moses and monotheism. SE, 23.
    327. Freud, S. (1940) An outline of psychoanalysis. SE, 23.
    328. Frosch, J. (1966) A note on reality constancy. In: Psychoanalysis — A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    329. Frosch, J. (1967) Delusional fixity sense of conviction and the psychotic conflict. IJP, 48.
    330. Frosch, J. (1977) The relation between acting out and disorders of impulse control. Psychiatry, 40.
    331. Frosch, J. (1980) Neurosis and psychosis. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. J. Greenspan & G. H. Pollock. Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Health, vol. 3.
    332. Frosch, J. (1983) The Psychotic Process. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    333. Furer, M. (1972) The history of the superego concept in psychoanalysis. In: Moral Value and the Superego concept in Psychoanalysis, ed. S. C. Fost. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    334. Furman, E. (1974) A Child s Parent Dies. New Heaven: Yale Univ. Press.
    335. Furman, E. (1980) Transference and externalization. PSOC, 35.
    336. Furst, S. Trauma. PMC, Forthcoming.
    337. Furst, S. (1967) Psychic trauma. In: Psychic Trauma, ed. S. S. Furst. New York: Basic Books.
    338. Furst, S. (1978) The stimulus barrier and the pathogenecity of trauma. IJP, 59.
    339. Gaddini, R. (1978) Transitional object and the psychosomatic symptom. In: Grolnich et. al. (1978).
    340. Galenson, E. & Roiphe, H. (1976) Some suggested revisions concerning early female development. JAPA, 24(5).
    341. Galenson, E. & Roiphe, H. (1980) The preoedipal development of the boy. JAPA, 28.
    342. Galenson, E. & Roiphe, H. (1981) Infantile Origins of Sexual Identity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    343. Ganzarain, R. Group psychology. PMC. Forthcoming.
    344. Ganzarain, R. (1980) Psychotic-like anxieties and primitive defenses. Issues on Ego Psychology, 3(2).
    345. Ganzarain, R. (1988) A comparative study of Bion's concepts about groups. In: Object Relations Group Psychotherapy. Madison, Ct.: Int. Univ. Press.
    346. Gediman, H. K. (1971) The concept of the stimulus barrier. IJP, 52.
    347. Gedo, J. & Goldberg, A. (1973) Models of the Mind. Chicago & London: Univ. of Chicago Press.
    348. Geerts, A. E. & Prechardt, E., reporters (1978) Colloquium on "trauma". IJP, 59.
    349. Gero, G. (1943) The idea of psychogenesis in modern psychiatry and in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Rev., 30.
    350. Gill. M. M. (1963) Topography and Systems in Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychol. Issues, Monogr. 10. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    351. Gill. M. M. (1967) The primary process in motives and thought. In: Motives and Thought, ed. R. R. Holt. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    352. Gill. M. M. (1974) Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 11.
    353. Gill, M. M & Rapaport, D. (1942) A case of amnesia and its bearing on the theory of memory. Character and Personality, 11.
    354. Gillespie, W. (1956) The general theory of Sexual perversion. IJP, 37.
    355. Glenn, J. (in press) A parameter. In: Annu. Psychoanal.
    356. Glenn, J. & Kaplan, E. H. (1968) Types of orgasm in women. JAPA, 16.
    357. Glower, E. (1929) The "screening" function of traumatic memories. IJP, 4.
    358. Glower, E. (1931) Sublimation, substitution, and social anxiety. IJP, 12.
    359. Glower, E. (1933) The relation of perversion-formation to the development of reality sense. IJP, 14.
    360. Glower, E. (1955) The terminal phase. In: The Technique of Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    361. Goldberg, A. (1975) The evolution of psychoanalytic concepts of depression. In: Depression and Human Existence, ed. E. J. Anthony & T. Benedeck. Boston: Little, Brown.
    362. Goldberg, A. ed. (1978) The Psychology of the Self. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    363. Goldberg, A. (1983) Self psychology and alternate perspectives on internalization. In: Reflections on Self Psychology, ed. J. Lichtenberg & S. Kaplan. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    364. Green, A. (1978) Potential space in Psychoanalysis. In: Grolnich et. al. (1978).
    365. Greenacre, P. (1949) A contribution to the study of screen memories. FSOC, 3/4.
    366. Greenacre, P. (1950) General problems of acting out. PQ, 19.
    367. Greenacre, P. (1950) Special problems of early female sexual development. In: Trauma, Growth and Personality New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    368. Greenacre, P. (1952) Pregenital patterning. IJP, 33.
    369. Greenacre, P. (1953) Penis awe and its relation to penis envy. In: Drives, Affects, Behavior, ed. R. M. Loewenstein. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    370. Greenacre, P. (1956) Experiences of awe in childhood. PSOC,11.
    371. Greenacre, P. (1957) The childhood of the artist. PSOC, 12.
    372. Greenacre, P. (1958) The family romance of the artist. In: Emotional Growth. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1971, vol. 2.
    373. Greenacre, P. (1958) The relation of the impostor to the artist. In: Emotional Growth. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1971, vol. 1.
    374. Greenacre, P. (1968) Perversions. PSOC, 23.
    375. Greenacre, P. (1969) The fetish and the transitional object, part 1. PSOC, 24.
    376. Greenacre, P. (1970) The fetish and the transitional object, part 2. IJP 51, vol. 4.
    377. Greenacre, P. (1970) The transitional object and the fetish. In: Emotional Growth. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    378. Greenacre, P. (1972) Crowds and crisis. PSOC, 27.
    379. Greenacre, P. (1973) The primal scene and the sense of reality. PQ, 42.
    380. Greenacre, P. (1975) On reconstruction. JAPA, 21.
    381. Greenberg, J. R. & Mitchell, S. A. (1983) Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
    382. Greenson, R. R. (1949) The psychology of apathy. PQ, 18.
    383. Greenson, R. R. (1953) On boredom. JAPA, 1.
    384. Greenson, R. R. (1960) Empathy and its vicissitudes. IJP, 41.
    385. Greenson, R. R. (1962) On enthusiasm. JAPA, 10.
    386. Greenson, R. R. (1965) The working alliance and the transference neurosis. PQ, 34.
    387. Greenson, R. R. (1967) The technique and Practice of Psycho-analysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    388. Greenson, R. R. (1978) Exploration in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    389. Greenspan, S. & Pollock, G., eds. (1980) The Course of Life. Vol. I. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing office.
    390. Grinberg, L., Sor, D. & Tabak de Bianchedi, E. (1975) Introduction to the Work of Bion, trans. A. Hahn. Scotland: Clunie Press.
    391. Grinker, E. R (1945) Psychiatric disorders in combat crews overseas and in returnees. Med. Clin. North. Amer., 29.
    392. Grinstein, A. (1983) Freud's Rules of Dream Interpretation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    393. Grolnick, S., Barkin, L. & Muensterberger, W., eds. (1978) Between Reality and Fantasy. New York: Jason Aronson.
    394. Grosskurth, P. (1986) Melanie Klein. New York: Alfred Knopf.
    395. Grossman, W. E. & Stewart, W. A. (1976) Penis envy. JAPA, 24 (5).
    396. Grotstein, J. S. (1981) Splitting and Projective Indentification. New York: Jason Aronson.
    397. Guntrip, H. (1961) Personality Structure and Human Interaction. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    398. Guntrip, H. (1968) Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations and the Self. London: Hogarth Press.
    399. Harley, M. (1967) Transference developments in a five-year old child. In: the Child Analyst at Work, ed. E. Geleerd. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    400. Harley, M. (1974) Analyst and Adolescent at Work. New York: Quadrangle.
    401. Harley, M. (1986) Child analysis, 1947—1984, a retrospective. PSOC, 41.
    402. Harre, R. and Lamb, R. (1983) The Encyclopedia Dictionary of Psychology. Cambridge: M. I. T. Press.
    403. Harrison, J. B. (1975) On the maternal origins of awe. PSOC, 30.
    404. Harrison, J. B. (1979) On Freud's view of the infant-mother relationship and of the oceanic feeling. JAPA, 27.
    405. Harrison, S. J. (1970) Is psychoanalysis "our science?". JAPA, 18.
    406. Hartmann, H. PSOC, 5.
    407. Hartmann, H. (1937) Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    408. Hartmann, H. (1939) Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1958.
    409. Hartmann, H. (1939) Psychoanalysis and the concept of health. In: Hartmann (1964).
    410. Hartmann, H. (1947) On rational and irrational action. In: Essays on Ego Psychology. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1964.
    411. Hartmann, H. (1948) Comments on the theory of instinctual drives. PQ, 17.
    412. Hartmann, H. (1950) Comments on the psychoanalytic theory of the ego. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    413. Hartmann, H. (1951) Technical implications of ego psychology PQ, 20.
    414. Hartmann, H. (1952) The mutual influences in the development of ego and id. PSOC, 7.
    415. Hartmann, H. (1953) Contribution to the metapsychology of schizophrenia. In: Hartmann, PSOC, 8.
    416. Hartmann, H. (1953) The metapsychology of schizophrenia. PSOC, 8.
    417. Hartmann, H. (1955) Notes on the theory of sublimation. PSOC, 10.
    418. Hartmann, H. (1956) The development of the ego concept in Freud's work. IJP, 37.
    419. Hartmann, H. (1964) Essays in Ego Psychology. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    420. Hartmann, H. (1964) The development of the ego concept in Freud's work. IJP, 37.
    421. Hartmann, H., Kris, E. & Loewenstein, R. M. (1946) Comments in the formation of psychic structure. PSOC, 2.
    422. Hartmann, H., Kris, E. & Loewenstein, R. M. (1949) Notes on the theory of aggression. PSOC, 3/4.
    423. Hartmann, H. & Loewenstein, R. M. (1962) Notes on the superego. PSOC, 17.
    424. Hassler, A. D. (1960) Guideposts of migrating fish. Science, 122.
    425. Hastings, D. W. (1963) Impotence and Frigidity. Boston: Little, Brown.
    426. Heimann, P. (1952) Certain functions of introjection and projection in early infancy. In: Klein et al. (1952).
    427. Heimann, P. & Valenstein, A. F. (1962) Notes on the anal stage IJP, 43.
    428. Heimann, P. & Valenstein, A. F. (1972) The psychoanalytical concept of aggression. IJP, 53.
    429. Hendrick, I. (1958) Facts and Theories of Psychoanalysis, 3rd ed. New York: Alfred Knopf.
    430. Hill, M. (1982) Analysis of transference. In: Theory and Technique, vol. 1. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    431. Hoffer, W. (1949) Mouth, hand, and ego integration. PSOC, 3/4.
    432. Holder, A. (1982) Preoedipal contributions to the formation of the superego. PSOC, 37.
    433. Holt, R. R. (1964) The emergence of cognitive psychology JAPA, 12.
    434. Holt, R. R. (1967) Beyond vitalism and mechanism. In: Science and Psychoanalysis, ed. J. H. Masserman. Hew York: Grune & Stratton, vol. 2.
    435. Hook, S. (1959) Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy. New York: Grove Press.
    436. Horney, K. (1924) On the genesis of the castration complex in women. IJP, 5.
    437. Horney, K. (1926) The flight from womanhood. IJP, 7.
    438. Horowitz, M. J. (1972) Modes of representation of thought. JAFA, 20.
    439. Horowitz, M. J. (1979) States of Mind, 2d. ed. New York: Plenum, 1987, chap. 3.
    440. Hurvich, M. (1970) On the concept of reality testing. IJP, 51.
    441. Isaacs, S. (1952) The nature and function of phantasy. In: Klein et. al. (1952).
    442. Isakower, O. (1938) A contribution to the pathopsychology of phenomena associated with falling asleep. IJP, 19.
    443. Isakower, O. (1963) Minutes of the faculty meeting. New York Psychoanalytic Institute, Oct. 14—Nov. 20. A. Z. Pteffer, reporter.
    444. Isay, R. A. (1986) Homosexuality in homosexual and heterosexual men. In: The Psychology of Men, ed. G. Fogel, F. Lane & R. Liebert. New York: Basic Books.
    445. Jacobi, J. (1959) Complex (Archetype) Symbol in the Work of C. G. Jung. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
    446. Jacobs, T. J. (1986) Transference relationships, relationships between transferences and reconstruction. In: Psycho-analysis, the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale N. J.: Analytic Press.
    447. Jacobson, E. (1953) Contribution to the metapsychology of cyclothymic depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    448. Jacobson, E. (1954) Contribution to the metapsychology of psychotic identifications. JAPA, 2.
    449. Jacobson, E. (1957) Normal and pathological moods. PSOC, 12.
    450. Jacobson, E. (1959) Depersonalization. JAPA, 7.
    451. Jacobson, E. (1964) The Self and the Object World. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    452. Jacobson, E. (1967) Psychotic Conflict and Reality. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    453. Jacobson, E. (1971) Depression. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    454. Jacobson, E. (1971) Depression: Comparative Studies of Normal, Neurotic and Psychotic Conditions. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    455. Jacobson, E. (1971) Normal and pathological moods. In: Depression. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    456. Jacobson, E. (1975) The regulation of self-esteem. In: Depression and Human Existence. ed. E. J. Anthony & T. Benedeck. Boston: Little, Brown.
    457. Jaffe, A. (1971) The Myth of Meaning. New York: Putnam.
    458. Jaffe, D. S. (1970) Forgetting and remembering. P. Q, 39.
    459. Janet, Dr. Pierre (1924) Principles of Psychotherapy. New York: Macmillan.
    460. John, E. R. (1976) A model of consciousness. In: Consciousness and Self-Regulation, ed. G. E. Schwartz & D. Shapiro. New York: Plenum Press, 1976, vol. 1.
    461. Jones, E. (1908) Rationalization in everyday life J Abnorm. Psychol., 3: 161—169.
    462. Jones, E. (1918) Anal-erotic character traits. In: Papers on Psychoanalysis London— Balliere Tindall & Cox, 1948.
    463. Jones, E. (1931) The concept of a normal mind. In: Papers on Psychoanalysis, 5th ed., London. Bailliйre, Tindall & Cox, 1948.
    464. Jones, E. (1933) The phallic phase. IJP, 14.
    465. Jones, E. (1934) Editorial preface to the Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud, 4. London— Hogarth Press.
    466. Jones, E. (1941) Evolution and revolution. IJP, 22.
    467. Jones, E. (1949) Hamlet and Oedipus. New York: Norton.
    468. Jones, E. (1957) The life and work of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    469. Joseph, E. D. (1965) Regressive Ego Phenomena in Psychoanalysis. Monograph I, Kris Study Group. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    470. Joseph, E. D. (1966) Memory and conflict. PQ, 35.
    471. Joseph, E. D. & Wallerstein, R. S (1982) Psychotherapy. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    472. Jung, C. G. (1921—57) Collected Works of C. G. Jung Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
    473. Jung, C. G. (1938) Psychological aspects of the mother archetype. In: Collected Works, vol. 9, pt. 1.
    474. Jung, C. G. (1957) Animus and Anima. Zurich: Spring.
    475. Jung, C. G. (1963) Memories Dreams, Reflections. New York Pantheon.
    476. Kamyer, M. (1985) Identification and its vicissitudes. IJP, 66.
    477. Kandell, E (1976) Cellular Basis of Behavior. San Francisco— W H. Freeman.
    478. Kanzer, M. (1948) The passing of the Oedipus complex' in Greek drama. IJP, 29.
    479. Kanzer, M. (1964) On interpreting the Oedipus plays Psychoanal Study Society, 3.
    480. Kanzer, M. (1981) Freud's "analytic pact". JAPA, 29.
    481. Kardiner, A. (1941) The Traumatic Neurosis of War New. York: Hoeber.
    482. Karma, L. (1981) A clinical report of penis envy. JAPA, 29.
    483. Karush, A., Daniels, C. E., Flood, C. & O'Connor, J. F. (1977) Psychotherapy in Chronic Ulcerative Colitis. Philadelphia: Sannders.
    484. Katan, A. (1972) The infant's first reaction to strangers. IJP, 53.
    485. Katan, M. (1940) The role of the word in mania. Bull. Phi la. Assn. Psychoanal., 22.
    486. Katz, J. (1963) On primary gain and secondary gain. PSOC, 18.
    487. Katz, J. (1985) Book review of Melanie Klein by Hanna Segal. New York: Viking Press. 1980 JAPA, 33 (suppl.).
    488. Kaywin, L. (1966) Problems of sublimation. JAPA, 14.
    489. Kernberg, O. F. (1966) Structural derivations of object relationships. IJP, 47.
    490. Kernberg, O. F. (1967) Borderline personality organization. JAPA, 15.
    491. Kernberg, O. F. (1975) Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.
    492. Kernberg, O. F. (1976) Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. New York: Jason Aronson.
    493. Kernberg, O. F. (1977) Boundaries and structure in love relations. JAPA, 25.
    494. Kernberg, O. F. (1980) Fairbairn's theory and challenge. In: Internal World and External Reality: Object Relations Theory Applied. New York: Jason Aronson.
    495. Kernberg, O. F. (1980) Internal World and External Reality. New York: Jason Aronson.
    496. Kernberg, O. F. (1984) Severe Personality Disorders. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    497. Kessler, J. W. (1970) Contributions of the mentally retarded toward a theory of cognitive development. In: Cognitive Studies, ed. J. Hellmuth. New York Brunner/Mazel.
    498. Kestenberg, J. S. (1967) Phases of adolescence. J. Amer. Acad. Child. Psychiat., 6.
    499. Khan, M. (1982) Introduction. In: D. W. Winnicott, Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
    500. Klein, G. S. (1966) The several grades of memory. In: Psychoanalysis. A General Psychology, pd. H. M. Lowenstein, L M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    501. Klein, M. (1932) The Psychoanalysis of Children London: Hogarth Press.
    502. Klein, M. (1946) Notes on some schizoid mechanisms IJP, 27.
    503. Klein, M. (1948) Contributions to Psychoanalysis, 1921—45. London: Hogarth Press.
    504. Klein, M. (1950) Narrative of a Child Analysis. New York Basic Books.
    505. Klein, M. (1957) Envy and Gratitude. New York: Basic Books.
    506. Klein, M. (1957) On identification. In: New Directions in Psychoanalysis, ed. M. Klein, P. Heimann & R. Money-Kyrle. New York: Basic Books.
    507. Klein, M. (1959) On the development of Mental functioning. In: Envy and Gratitude London: Delacorte Press, 1975.
    508. Klein, M., Heimann, P., Isaacs, S. & Riviere J. (eds.) (1952) Developments in Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
    509. Knight, R. P. (1953) Borderline states. Bull. Menn. Clin., 17.
    510. Knight, R. P. (1972) Clinician and Therapist: Selected Papers of Robert P. Knight, ed. Stuart C. Miller. New York: Basic Books.
    511. Kohut, H. (1959) Introspection, empathy, and psycho-analysis. JAPA, 7.
    512. Kohut, H. (1971) The Analysis of the Self. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    513. Kohut, H. (1977) The Restoration of the Self. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    514. Kohut, H. (1978) The Search for the Self, ed. P. Ornstein. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    515. Kohut, H. (1984) How Does Analysis Cure? ed. A Goldben & P. Stepansky. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
    516. Kohut, H. & Wolf, E. S. (1978) The disorders of the self and their treatment. IJP, 59.
    517. Krapf, E. E. (1961) The concept of normality and mental, health in psychoanalysis. IJP, 59.
    518. Kreisler, L. (1984) Fundamentals for a psychosomatic pathology of infants. In: Frontiers of Infant Psychiatry, ed. J. D. Call, E. Galenson & R. L. Tyson. New York: Basic Books, vol. 2.
    519. Kris, A. O. (1982) Free Association. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    520. Kris, A. O. (1984) The conflicts of ambivalence. PSOC, 39.
    521. Kris, E. (1951) Ego psychology and interpretation in psychoanalytic therapy. P. Q, 20.
    522. Kris, E. (1952) Psychoanalytic Exploration in Art. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    523. Kris, E. (1956) On some vicissitudes of insight in psychoanalysis. IJP, 37.
    524. Kris, E. (1956) The personal myth. JAPA, 4.
    525. Kris, E. (1956) The recovery of childhood memories in psychoanalysis. PSOC, 11.
    526. Krupuick, J. L. & Horowitz, M. J. (1981) Stress response syndromes. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 38.
    527. Krystal, H. ed. (1968) Massive Psychic Trauma. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    528. Krystal, H. (1978) Trauma and affects. PSOC, 33.
    529. Krystal, H. (1981) The hedonic element in affectivity. J. Psychoanal., 9.
    530. Krystal, H. (1982) Alexithymia and the affectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. Int. J. Psychoanal. Psychother., 9.
    531. Kubie, L. S. (1947) The fallacious use of quantitative concepts in dynamic psychology. P. Q, 16.
    532. Kubie, L. S. (1962) The fallacious misuse of the concept of sublimation. PQ, 31.
    533. Kubie, L. S. (1972) Personal communication.
    534. Kubie, L. S. (1975) The language tools of psychoanalysis. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 2.
    535. Labov, W. (1972) Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: Univ. Penn. Press.
    536. Lagache, D. (1953) Behavior and psychoanalytic experience In Drives. Affects, Behavior, ed. R. Loewenstein. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    537. Langer, S. K. (1962) Problems and techniques of psychoanalytic validation and progress. In: Psychoanalysis as Science, ed. E. Pumplan-Mindlin. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.
    538. Langer, W. (1958) The next assignment. Amer. Imago, 15.
    539. Langhlin, H. P. (1967) The Neurosis. Washington: Butterworth.
    540. Laplanche, J. & Pontalis, J. B. (1967) Vocabulaire de la Psychoanalyse. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
    541. Laplanche, J. & Pontalis, J. B. (1973) The Language of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
    542. Laplanche, J. & Pontalis, J. B. (1983) The Language of psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
    543. Laseque, C. (1977) Les exhibitionnistes. L'Union Medicale, Froisieme Serie, 23.
    544. Leaff, L. A. (1971) Affect versus feeling. JAPA, 19.
    545. Leon, I. G. (1984) Psychoanalysis, Piaget and attachment. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 11.
    546. Lerner, H. E. (1976) Parental Mislabeling of female genitals as a determinant of penis envy and learning inhibitions in women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    547. Levey, M. (1985) The concept structure in psychoanalysis. Annu. Psychoanal. 12—13.
    548. Levy, D. (1983) Wittgenstein on the form of psychoanalytic interpretation. Int. Rev. Psycho-anal., 10.
    549. Levy, S. T. (1984) Principles of Interpretaion. New York: Aronson.
    550. Levy, S. T. (1984) Psychoanalytic perspectives on emptiness. JAPA, 32.
    551. Levy, S. T. (1985) Empathy and psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 33.
    552. Lewin, B. D. (1933) The body as phallus. PQ, 2.
    553. Lewin, B. D. (1946) Sleep, the mouth, and the dream screen. PQ, 15.
    554. Lewin, B. D. (1950) The Psychoanalysis of Elation. New York: Norton.
    555. Lewin, B. D. (1953) Reconslde ration of the dream screen. PQ, 22.
    556. Lewis, H. B. (1971) Shame and Guilt in Neurosis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    557. Lichtenberg, J., Bornstein, M. & Silver, D., eds. (1984) Empathy, vols. 1—2. Hillsdale & London: Analytic Press.
    558. Lichtenberg, J. D. & Kaplan, S. (1983) Reflections on Self Psychology. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    559. Lichtenberg, J. D. & Slap, J. W. (1973) Notes on the concept of splitting and defense mechanism of splitting of representations. JAPA, 21.
    560. Lichtenstein, H. (1961) Identity and sexuality. JAPA, 9.
    561. Lichtenstein, H. (1970) Changing implications of the concept of psychosexual development. JAPA, 18.
    562. Lidz, T., Fleck, S. & Cornelison. A. R. (1965) Schizophrenia and the Family. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    563. Lifschutz, J. E. (1976) A critique of reporting and assessment in the training analysis. JAPA, 24.
    564. Limentani, A. (1979) The significance of transsexualism in relation to some basic psychoanalytic concepts. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 6.
    565. Loewald, H. W. (1951) Ego and reality. IJP, 32.
    566. Loewald, H. W. (1959) The waning of the Oedipus complex. JAPA, 27.
    567. Loewald, H. W. (1962) Internalization, separation, mourning, and the superego. PQ, 31.
    568. Loewald, H. W. (1971) Some considerations on repetition and repetition compulsion. IJP, 52.
    569. Loewald, H. W. (1973) On internalization. IJP, 54.
    570. Loewenstein, R. M. (1951—72) Practice and Precept in Psycho analytic Technique. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1982.
    571. Loewenstein, R. M. (1951) The problem of interpretation. PQ, 20.
    572. Loewenstein, R. M. (1957) A contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of masochism. JAPA, 5.
    573. Loewenstein, R. M., Newman, L. M., Schur, M. & Solnit, A. J., eds. (1966) Psychoanalysis — A General Psychology. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    574. Lorand, S. (1950) Clinical Studies in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    575. Lowinger, J. (1976) Ego Development. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
    576. Luria, A. R. (1978) The human brain and conscious activity. In: Consciousness and Self-Regulation, ed. G. E. Shwarta & D. Shapiro. New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2.
    577. Lustman, J. (1977) On splitting. PSOC, 32.
    578. Lynd, H. M. (1961) On Shame and the Search for Identity New York: Science Editions.
    579. Madow, Z. & Snow, L. H., eds. (1970) The Psychodynamic Implications of the Physiological Studies on Dreams. Springfield, III: Thomas.
    580. Mahler, M. S. (1952) On child psychosis and schizophrenia. PSOC, 7.
    581. Mahler, M. S. (1963) Thoughts and development and individuation. PSOC. 12.
    582. Mahler, M. S. (1966) Notes on the development of basic moods: the depressive affect in psychoanalysis. In: Psychoanalysis — A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schuz & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    583. Mahler, M. S. (1968) On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    584. Mahler, M. S. (1975) Discussion on Bernard L. Pacella's paper. JAPA, 23.
    585. Mahler, M. S. (1975) On the current status of infantile neurosis. JAPA, 23.
    586. Mahler, M. S. (1979) Selected Papers of Margaret S. Mahler, vol. 2. New York: Jason Aronson.
    587. Mahler, M. S. & Purer, M. (1968) On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    588. Mahler, M. S. & Gosliner, B. J. (1955) On Symbiotic child psychosis. PSOC, 10.
    589. Mahler, M. S., Pine, F. & Bergman, A. (1975) The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books.
    590. Mahony, P. (1979) The boundaries of free association. Psychoanal. Contemp. Thought, 2.
    591. Malcove, L. (1975) The analytic situation (and Panel discussion). J. Phila. Assn. Psychoanal., 2.
    592. Marcovitz, E. (1973) On confidentiality in psychoanalysis. Bull. Phila. Assn. Psychoanal., 23.
    593. Marcus, I. M. & Francis, J. J. (1975) Masturbation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    594. Marty, P. & de M'Uzan, M. (1963) La pensйe opйratoire. Rev. Psychoanaltique, 27 suppl.
    595. Masson, J. M. (1980) The Oceanic Feeling. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
    596. Masters, W. H. & Johnson, V. E. (1966) Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little, Brown.
    597. McDaugall, J. (1984) The "dis-affected" patient. PQ, 53.
    598. McDevitt, J. B. (1975) Separation-individuation and object constancy. JAPA, 23.
    599. Meehl, P. E. (1962) Hedonic capacity. Bull. Menn. Clin., 39.
    600. Meissner, W. H. (1978) The Paranoid Process. New York: Aronson.
    601. Meissner, W. W. (1979) Internalization and object relations. JAPA, 27.
    602. Meissner, W. W. (1981) Internalization in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    603. Meissner, W. W. (1981) Metapsychology: who needs it. JAPA, 29.
    604. Meissner, W. W., Mack, J. E. & Semrad, E. V. (1975) Classical Psychoanalysis. In: Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, ed. A. M. Freedman, H. I. Kaplan & J. Sadock. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    605. Menninger, W. (1943) Characterologic and symptomatic expressions related to the anal phase of psycho sexual development. PQ, 12.
    606. Mesmer, Franz Anton (1965) The Nature of Hypnosis, ed. Ronald E. Shor and Martin T. Orne. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    607. Metcalf, D. & Spitz, R. A. (1978) The transitional object. In: Grolnick et al. (1978).
    608. Meyer, B. C. (1972) The contribution of psychoanalysis to biography. Psychoanal. Contemp. Sci., 1.
    609. Meyer, J. (1982) The theory of gender identity disorders. JAPA, 30.
    610. Meyer, J. (1985) Ego-dystonic homosexuality. In: Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 4th ed., ed. H. Kaplan & B. Sadock. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
    611. Meyer, J. (1985) Paraphilia. In: Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, ed. H. Kaplan & B. Sadock. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 4th ed.
    612. Michaels, R. & Gaeger, R. K. Adaptation. PMC. Forthcoming.
    613. Milrod, D. (1982) The wished-for-self-image. PSOC, 37.
    614. Modell, A. H. (1958) The Theoretical implications of hallucinatory experiences in schizophrenia. JAFA, 6.
    615. Modell, A. H. (1965) Object Love and Reality. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    616. Modell, A. H. (1970) The transitional object and the creative act. PQ, 39.
    617. Modell, A. H. (1975) The ego and the id. IJP, 56.
    618. Money, J. & Green, R. (1969) Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
    619. Monroe, R. R (1970) Episodic Behavior Disorders. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
    620. Moore, B. E. (164) Frigidity. PQ. 33.
    621. Moore, B. E. (1975) Freud and female sexuality. IJP, 57.
    622. Moore, B. E. (1975) Toward a clarification on the concept of narcissism. PSOC, 30.
    623. Moore, B. E. (1976) Freud and female sexuality. IJP, 57.
    624. Moore, B. E. (1977) Psychic representation and female orgasm. In: Female Psychology, ed. H. P. Blum. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    625. Moore, B. E. & Fine, B. D., eds. (1967) A Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts. New York: Amer. Psychoanal. Assn.
    626. Moore, B. E. & Rubinfine, D. Z. (1969) The mechanism of denial. Kris Study Group Monographs, New York: Int. Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    627. Moses, R. (1978) Adult psychic trauma. IJP, 59.
    628. Murray, C. D. (1930) Psychogenic factors in the etiology of ulcerative colitis and bloody diarrhea. Amer. J. Med. Sci., 180.
    629. Nagera, H., ed. (1966) Early Childhood Disturbances, the Infantile Neurosis, and the Adulthood Disturbances. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    630. Nagera, H. (1967) The concepts of structure and structuralization. PSOC, 22.
    631. Nagera, H. (1969—71) Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    632. Nagera, H. (1976) Obsessional Neuroses. New York: Aronson.
    633. Natterson, J. M. (1980) The Dream in Clinical Practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
    634. Nemiah, J. C. & Sifneos, P. E. (1970) Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders. In: Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, ed. O. W. Hill. London: Butterworths, vol. 2.
    635. Neubaner, P. B. (1979) The role of insight in psychoanalysis JAPA, 27.
    636. Neubaner, P. B. (1982) Rivalry, envy, and Jealousy. PSOC, 37.
    637. Novick, J. (1982) Varieties of transference in the analysis of an adolescent. IJP, 42.
    638. Novick, J. & Kelly, K. (1970) Projection and externalization. PSOC, 25.
    639. Noy, P. Wollstein, S. & Kaplan-de-Nour, A. (1966) Clinical observations of the psychogenesis of impotence. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 39.
    640. Nunberg, H. (1948) The synthetic function of the ego. In: Practice and Theory of Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press, vol. 1.
    641. Nunberg, H. (1954) Evaluation of the results of psychoanalytic treatment. IJP, 35.
    642. Nunberg, H. (1955) Principles of Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    643. Ogden, T. (1982) Projective Identification and Psycho-therapeutic Technique. New York: Jason Aronson.
    644. Olinick, S. Z. (1964) The negative therapeutic reaction. IJP, 45.
    645. Olinick, S. Z. (1980) The Psychotheraputic Instrument. New York: Jason Aronson.
    646. Ornston, D. G. (1978) On projection. PSOC, 33.
    647. Ornston, D. G. (1982) Strachey's influence. IJP, 63.
    648. Ornston, D. G. (1985a) Freud's conception is different from Strachey's. JAPA, 33.
    649. Ornston, D. G. (1985b) The invention of "cathexes" and Strachey's strategy. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 12.
    650. Ornston, D. G. (1988) How standard is the "Standard Edition? In Freud in Exile, ed. E. Timns & N. Segal. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    651. Orr, D. W. (1954) Transference and countertransference. JAPA, 2.
    652. Ostow, M. (1974) Sexual Deviation. New York: Quadrangle.
    653. Pacella, B. (1975) Early ego development and the deja vu. JAPA, 23.
    654. Panel (1957) Acting out and its relation to impulse disorders. M. Kanzer, reporter. JAPA, 5.
    655. Panel (1958) Problems of identity. D. Z. Rubinfine, reporter. JAPA, 6.
    656. Panel (1958) Technical aspects of regression during psychoanalysis. K. T. Calder, reporter. JAFA, 11.
    657. Panel (1963) The concept of the id. E. Marcovitz, reporter. JAPA, 11.
    658. Panel (1964) Depersonalization. W. A. Stewart, reporter. JAPA, 12.,.
    659. Panel (1966) Clinical and theoretical aspects of "as-if" characters. J. Weiss, reporter. JAPA, 11.
    660. Panel (1969) The theory of genital primacy in the light of ego psychology. M. Berezin, reporter. JAPA, 17.
    661. Panel (1971) Action, acting out, and the symptomatic act. N. Actins, reporter. JAPA, 18.
    662. Panel (1970) Psychoanalytic theory of affects. L. B. Lofgren, reporter. JAPA, 16.
    663. Panel (1970) The development of the child's sense of his sexual identity. Virginia, L. Glower, reporter. JAPA, 18.
    664. Panel (1970) The negative therapeutic reaction. S. L. Olinick, reporter. JAPA, 18.
    665. Panel (1972) Levels of confidentiality in the psychoanalytic situation. A. S. Watson, reporter JAPA, 20.
    666. Panel (1974) Toward a theory of affects. P. Castelneuvo-Tedesco, reporter. JAPA, 22. W.
    667. Panel (1975) The analytic situation. S. T. Shapiro, reporter. J. Phila. Aasn. Psychoanal.,2.
    668. Panel (1980) New directions in affect theory. E. P. Lester, reporter. JAPA, 30.
    669. Panel (1981) Insight. K. H. Blacker, reporter. JAPA, 29.
    670. Panel (1981) Masochism. W. Fischer, reporter. JAPA, 29.
    671. Panel (1982) Beyond lay analysis. H. Fischer, reporter. JAPA, 30.
    672. Panel (1983) Clinical aspects of character. M. Willick, reporter. JAPA, 31.
    673. Panel (1983) Theory of character. S. M. Abend, reporter. JAPA, 31.
    674. Panel (1984) The neutrality of the analyst in the analytic situation, R. J. Leider, reporter. JAPA, 32. (1985) Perspectives on the nature of psychic reality. E. Roughton, reporter. JAPA, 33.
    675. Panel (1987) Toward the further understanding of homosexual women. A Wolfson, reporter. JAPA, 35.
    676. Pao, P.-N. (1971) Elation, hypomania and mania. JAFA, 19.
    677. Parens, H. (1979) The Development of Aggression in Early Childhood. New York: Jason Aronson.
    678. Parens, H. (1980) Psychic development during the second and third years of life. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. Greenspan & G. Pollock. Washington: Nat. Inst. Health.
    679. Parens, H. & Saul, L. J. (1971) Dependence in Man. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    680. Person, E. & Ovesey, L. (1974) The transsexual syndrome in males. Amer. J. Psychother., 28.
    681. Person, E. & Ovesey, L. (1983) Psychoanalytic theories of gender identity. J. Amer. Acad. Psychoanal., 2.
    682. Peterfreund, E. & Schwartz, J. T. (1971) Information, systems, and Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    683. Peto, A. (1976) The etiological significance of the primal scene in perversions. PQ, 44.
    684. Pfeffer, A. Z. (1984) Modes of obsessional thinking. Presented at the New York Psychoanalytic Society, October 23.
    685. Piaget, J. (1937) The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books, 1954.
    686. Piaget, J. (1962) Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood New York: Norton.
    687. Piers, G. & Singer, M. B. (1953) Shame and Guilt. Springfield: Thomas; New ed., New York: Norton.
    688. Pine, F. (1985) Developmental Theory and Clinical Process. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    689. Poland, W. S. (1984) On the analyst's neutrality. JAFA, 32.
    690. Pollock, G. H. (1961) Mourning and adaptation. IJP, 42.
    691. Pollock, G. H. (1978) Process and affect. IJP, 59.
    692. Potamianau, A. (1985) The personal myth. PSOC, 40.
    693. Provence, S. & Lipton, R. (1962) Infants in Institutions. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    694. Pulver, S. E. Symptomatology. PMC. Forthcoming.
    695. Pulver, S. E. (1970) Narcissism. JAPA, 18.
    696. Rado, S. (1949) An adaptational view of sexual behavior In Psychosexual Development in Health and Disease, ed. P. H. Hock & J. Lubin. New York: Grune & Stratton.
    697. Rangell, L. Affects. PMC. Forthcoming.
    698. Rangell, L. (1959) The nature of conversion. JAPA, 7.
    699. Rangell, L. (1963) Structural problems in intrapsychic conflict. PSOC, 18.
    700. Rangell, L. (1966) An overview of the ending of an analysis. In: Psychoanalysis in Americas, ed. R. E. Litman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    701. Rangell, L. (1968) A point of view on acting out. IJP, 49.
    702. Rangell, L. (1981) From insight to change. JAPA, 29.
    703. Rangell, L. (1981) Psychoanalysis and dynamic psychotherapy. PQ, 50.
    704. Rangell, L. (1983) Defense and resistance in psychoanalysis and life. JAPA, 31 (suppl.).
    705. Rangell, L. (1985) The object in psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 33.
    706. Rank, O. (1909) The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. New York: Nerv. Ment. Dis. Monogr., 18.
    707. Rank, O. (1924) The Trauma of Birth. New York: Robert Brunner, 1952.
    708. Rapaport, D. (1942) Emotions and Memory. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1950.
    709. Rapaport, D. (1960) The structure of Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychol. Issues, monogr. 6, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    710. Rapaport, D. & Gill, M. M. (1959) The points of view and assumptions of metapsychology. In: The Collected Papers of David Rapaport. New York: Basic Books, 1967.
    711. Rapoport, A. (1955) The role of symbols in human behavior. Psychiatric Research Reports, vol. 2, ed. J. S. Gottlieb et al. Washington: Amer. Psychiat. Assn.
    712. Rappaport, E. A. (1968) Beyond traumatic neurosis. IJP, 49.
    713. Reich, A. (1951) On countertransference. In: Psychoanalytic Contributions. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1973.
    714. Reich, A. (1953) Narcissistic object choice in women. JAPA, 1.
    715. Reich, A. (1954) Early identifications as archaic elements in the superego. JAPA, 2.
    716. Reich, A. (1960) Pathologic forms of self-esteem regulation. PSOC, 15.
    717. Reich, W. (1933) Character Analysis. New York: Orgone Press, 1949.
    718. Reich, W. (1933) Some circumscribed character forms. In: Character Analysis. New York: Orgone Institute Press.
    719. Reik, T. (1919) Ritual. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    720. Reiser, M. (1984) Mind, Brain and Body New York: Basic Books.
    721. Richards, A. D. (1985) Isakower-like experience on the couch. PQ. 54.
    722. Ricoeur, P. (1970) Freud and Philosophy. New Haven — Yale Univ. Press.
    723. Ricoeur, P. (1976) Interpretation Theory. Forth Worth-Texas Christian Univ. Press.
    724. Rinsley, D. B. (1982) Fairbairn's object relations and classical concepts of dynamics and structure. In: Borderline and Other Self Disorders' A Developmental and Object-Relations Respective New York: Jason Aronson.
    725. Rioch, M. (1970) The work of W. R Bion on groups. Psychiatry, 33.
    726. Ritvo, S. (1971) Late adolescence. PSOC, 18.
    727. Ritvo, S. (1974) Current status of the concept of infantile neurosis. PSOC, 29.
    728. Robbins, F & Sadow, L (1974) A developmental hypothesis of reality processing. JAPA, 22.
    729. Rodman, F. R. (1987) Introduction In the Spontaneous Gesture — Selected Letters of D. W. Winnicott, ed. F. R. Rodman Cambridge—Harvard Univ. Press.
    730. Roiphe, H. (1968) On an early genital phase. PSOC, 23.
    731. Roiphe, H. & Galenson, E. (1981) Infantile Roots of Sexual Identity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    732. Rose, G. (1978) The creativity of everyday life. In: Grolnick et al (1978).
    733. Rose, H. (1928) A Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Methuen.
    734. Rosenblatt, A. D. & Thickstun, J T. (1970) A study of the concept of psychic energy. IJP, 51.
    735. Rosenthal, S. M. (1968) The involutional depressive syndrome. Amer J. Psychiat., 124.
    736. Ross, N. (1967) The "as-if" concept. JAPA, 15.
    737. Ross, N. (1970) The primacy of genitality in the light of ego psychology. JAPA, 18.
    738. Rothstein, A. (1983) The Structural Hypothesis. New York: Int., Univ. Press.
    739. Roughton, R. Action and acting out. FMC. Forthcoming.
    740. Rubinstein, B. B. (1972) On metaphor and related phenomena. In: Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Science, ed. A. R. Holt & E. Peterfreund., New York: Int. Univ. Press, vol. 1.
    741. Rutter, M. (1972) Maternal Deprivation. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
    742. Rycroft, C. (1968) A critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis New York: Basic Books.
    743. Sachs, D. M. (1979) On the relationship between psycho-analysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Bull. Phila Assn. Psychoanal, 6.
    744. Sachs, H. (1942) The Creative Unconscious Cambridge, Mass.: Sci. Art. Publishers.
    745. Samuels, A. (1985) Jung and the Post-Jungians London — Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    746. Sandler, J. (1960) On the concept of the superego. PSOC, 15.
    747. Sandler, J., Dare, C. & Holder, A (1973) The negative therapeutic reaction. In: The Patient and the Analyst New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    748. Sandler, J. & Freud, A. (1985) The Analysis of Defense. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    749. Sandler, J., Hodler, A. & Meers, D. (1963) The ego ideal and the ideal self. PSOC, 18.
    750. Sandler, J., Kennedy, H & Tyson, R. L (1980) The Technique of Child Psychoanalysis. Cambridge—Harvard Univ. Press.
    751. Sandler, J. & Rosenblatt, B. (1962) The concept of the representational world. PSOC, 17.
    752. Sandler, J. & Sandier, A. M. (1978) On the development of object relationships and affects. IJP, 59.
    753. Sarlin, C. N. (1962) Depersonalization and derealization. JAPA, 10.
    754. Sarlin, C. N. (1970) The current status of the concept of genital primacy. JAPA. 18.
    755. Sarnoff, C. A. (1978) Latency. New York: Aronson.
    756. Saussure de, F. (1911) Course in General Linguistic. New York: McGraw Hill.
    757. Schafer. R. (1968) Aspects of Internalization. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    758. Schafer. R. (1974) Problems in Freud's psychology of women. JAPA, 22.
    759. Schafer. R. (1975) Psychoanalysis without psychodynamics. IJP, 56.
    760. Schafer. R. (1976) A New Language for Psychoanalysis. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    761. Schafer. R. (1983) The Analytic Attitude. New York: Basic Books.
    762. Schechner, R. & Schuman, M. (1976) Ritual, Play and Performance New York: Seabury Press.
    763. Schlesinger, N. & Robbins, F. P. (1983) A Developmental View of the Psychoanalytic Process. New York; Int. Univ. Press.
    764. Schneirla, T. C. (1959) An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. H. R. Jones. London: Univ. Nebraska Press.
    765. Schur, M. (1955) Comments on the metapsychology of somatization. PSOC, 10.
    766. Schur, M. (1966) The Id and the Regulatory Principles of Mental Functioning. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    767. Schuster. D. B. (1969) Bisexuality and body as phallus. PQ, 38.
    768. Schwartz, H. J., ed. (1984) Psychotherapy of the Combat Veteran. New York: SP Medical and Scientific Books.
    769. Segal, H. (1957) Notes on symbol formation. IJP, 39.
    770. Segal, H. (1964) Introduction to the Work of Melanie Klein. London: Hogarth Press, 1973.
    771. Segal, H. (1973) Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein. London: W. Heinemann.
    772. Segal, H. (1981) The Work of Hanna Segal. New York: Jason Aronson.
    773. Segal, H. (1986) Illumination of the dim, shadowy era. Sunday Times, London, May 11, 1986.
    774. Shane, M. Shane, E. (1982) Psychoanalytic theories of aggression. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 2.
    775. Shane, M. Shane, E. (1984) The end phase of analysis. JAPA, 32.
    776. Shane, M. Shane, E. (1985) Change and integration in psychoanalytic developmental theory. In: New Ideas in Psychoanalysis, ed. C. F. Settlage & R. Brockbank. Hillsdale, N. J. Analytic Press.
    777. Shapiro, T. (1979) Clinical Psycholinguistics. New York: Plenum Press.
    778. Shapiro, T. (1984) On neutrality. JAPA, 32.
    779. Shengold, L. (1967) The effects of overstimulation. IJP, 48.
    780. Shopper, M. (1979) The (re)discovery of the vagina and the importance of the menstrual tampon. In: Female Adolescent Development, ed. M. Sugar. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
    781. Sifneos, P. E. (1975) Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease Psychother & Psychosom., 26.
    782. Slap, J. & Saykin, J. (1984) On the nature and organization of the repressed. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 4.
    783. Slovenko, R. (1973) Psychiatry and Law. Boston: Little, Brown.
    784. Smith, J. H. (1976) Language and the genealogy of the absent object. In: Psychiatry and the Humanities, vol. 1, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven-Yale Univ. Press.
    785. Smith, J. H. ed. (1978) Psychoanalysis and Language. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    786. Smith, W. R. (1894) The Religion of the Semites. New York: Meridian Library, 1956.
    787. Socarides, C. W. (1963) The historical development of theoretical and clinical aspects of female homosexuality. JAPA, 11.
    788. Socarides, C. W. (1970) A psychoanalytic study of the desire for sexual transformation ("transsexualism"). IJP, 51.
    789. Socarides, C. W. (1978) Homosexuality. New York: Jason Aronson.
    790. Socarides, C. W. (1982) Abdication fathers, Homosexual Sons. In: Father and Child, ed. S. H. Cath, A. R. Gurwitt & J. M. Ross. Boston: Little, Brown.
    791. Solnit, A. J. & Ritvo, S. Instinct theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    792. Sophocles. The Oedipus Cycle, tr. D. Fitts & R. Fitzgerald. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969.
    793. Sours, J. A. (1974) The anorexia nervosa syndrome. IJP, 55.
    794. Sours, J. A. (1980) Starving to Death in a Sia of Objects. New York: Aronson.
    795. Spence, J. T. & Helmrich, R. L. (1978) Masculinity and Femininity. Austin and London: Univ. of Texas Press.
    796. Sperber, D. (1974) Rethinking Symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
    797. Sperling, M. (1976) Anorexia nervosa. In: Psychosomatic Disorders in Childhood, ed. O. Sperling. New York: Aronson.
    798. Spitz, R. A. (1945) Hospitalism. FSOC. 1.
    799. Spitz, R. A. (1946) Anaclitic depression. PSOC, 2.
    800. Spitz, R. A. (1946) Hospitalism: A follow-up report. PSOC, 2.
    801. Spitz, R. A. (1946) The smiling response. Genet. Psychol. Monagr. 34.
    802. Spitz, R. A. (1955) The primal cavity. PSOC, 10.
    803. Spitz, R. A. (1957) No and Yes. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    804. Spitz, R. A. (1959) A Genetic Field Theory of Ego Formation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    805. Spitz, R. A. (1965) The First Year of Life. New York:Int. Univ. Press.
    806. Spitz, R. A. & Wolf, K. M. (1946) The smiling response. Genet. Psycholol. Monogr., 34.
    807. Spruiell, V. The self. PMC. Forthcoming.
    808. Stamm, J. L. (1962) Altered ego states allied to the depersonalization. JAPA, 10.
    809. Stein, M. (1971) The principle of multiple function. Bull. Phila. Assn. Psychoanal., 21.
    810. Stekely, L. (1960) Success, success neurosis and the self. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 33.
    811. Sterba, R. E. (1936—37) Hardwцrterbuch der Psychoanalyse. Vienna: Int. Psychoanal. Verlag.
    812. Stern, D. N. (1974) The goal and structure of mother-infant play. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 13.
    813. Stern, D. N. (1984) Affect attunement. In: Frontiers of Infant Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, vol. 2.
    814. Stern, D. N. (1985) The Interpersonal World of the Infant New York: Basic Books.
    815. Stevens, A. (1982) Archetype. London: Rouledge & Kegan Paul.
    816. Stoller, R. J. (1971) The term "transvestism". Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 24.
    817. Stoller, R. J. (1972) The "bedrock" of masculinity and femininity: bisexuality. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 26.
    818. Stoller, R. J. (1974) Hostility and mystery in perversion. IJP, 55.
    819. Stoller, R. J. (1975) Sex and Gender, vol. 2. New York: Jason Aronson.
    820. Stoller, R. J. (1976) Primary femininity. JAPA, 24 (5).
    821. Stoller, R. J. (1982) Hear miss. In: Eating, Sleeping, and Sexuality, ed. M. Zalea. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
    822. Stoller, R. J. (1985) Observing the Erotic Imagination. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
    823. Stolorow, R. (1984) Self psychology — a structural psychology. In: Reflections on Self Psychology, ed. J. Lichtenberg & S. Kaplan Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    824. Stolorow, R. Transference. PMC. Forthcoming.
    825. Stone, L. (1954) The widening scope of indications for psychoanalysis. JAPA, 2.
    826. Stone, L. (1961) The Psychoanalytic Situation. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    827. Stone, L. (1967) The psychoanalytic situation and transference. JAPA, 15.
    828. Stone, L. (1971) Reflections on the psychoanalytic concept of aggression. FQ, 40.
    829. Stone, L. (1973) On resistance to the psychoanalytic process. In: Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Science, ed. B. B. Rubinstein. New York: Macmillan, vol. 2.
    830. Stone, M. H. (1980) Borderline Syndromes. New York: McGrow Hill.
    831. Strachey, J. (1934) The nature of the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. IJP, 15.
    832. Strachey, J. (1962) The emergence of Freud's fundamental hypothesis. SE, 3.
    833. Strachey, J. (1963) Obituary (Joan Riviere). IJP, 44.
    834. Strachey, J. (1966) General preface. SE, 1.
    835. Swank, R. L. (1949) Combat exhaustion. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 109.
    836. Szekely, L. (1960) Success, success neurosis and the self. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 33.
    837. Taylor, G. J. (1977) Alexithymia and countertranceference. Psychother & Psychosom., 28.
    838. Ticho, E. (1972) Termination of psychoanalysis. PQ, 41.
    839. Tolpin, M. (1970) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 25.
    840. Tolpin, M. (1971) On the beginnings of a cohesive self. PSOC. 26.
    841. Tolpin, M. & Kohut, H. (1980) The disorders of the self. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. Greenspan & G. Pollock. Washington, B. C.: U. S. Dept. Health and Human Services.
    842. Turkle, S. (1986) A review of Grosskurth, P.: Molanie Klein. New York: Times Books, Review, May 18, 1986.
    843. Tyson, P. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
    845. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    847. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. (1984) Narcissism and superego development. JAPA, 34.
    848. Tyson, R. & Sundler, J. (1971) Problems in the selection of patients for psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 44.
    849. Valenstein, A. F. (1979) The concept of "classical" psycho-analysis. JAPA. 27. (suppl.).
    850. Volkan, V. D. (1981) Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    851. Waelder, R. (1930) The principle of multiple function. PQ, 5.
    852. Waelder, R. (1962) Book review of Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy, ed. S. Hook. JAPA, 10.
    853. Waelder, R. (1962) Psychoanalysis scientific method, and philosophy. JAPA, 10.
    854. Waelder, R. (1963) Psychic determinism and the possibility of prediction. PQ, 32.
    855. Waelder, R. (1967) Trauma and the variety of extraordinary challenges. In: Fuest (1967).
    856. Waelder, R. (1967) Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety: forty years later. PQ, 36.
    857. Waldhorn, H. F. (1960) Assessment of analyzability. PQ, 29.
    858. Waldhorn, H. F. & Fine, B. (1971) Trauma and symbolism. Kris Study Group monogr. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    859. Wallace, E. R. (1983) Freud and Anthropology. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    860. Wallerstein, R. Reality. PMC. Forthcoming.
    861. Wallerstein, R. (1965) The goals of psychoanalysis. JAPA, 13.
    862. Wallerstein, R. (1975) Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    863. Wallerstein, R. (1983) Defenses, defense mechanisms and the structure of the mind. JAPA, 31 (suppl.).
    864. Wallerstein, R. (1988) One psychoanalysis or many? IJP, 69.
    865. Wangh, M. (1979) Some psychoanalytic observations on boredom. IJP, 60.
    866. Weinshel, E. M. (1968) Some psychoanalytic considerations on moods. IJP, 51.
    867. Weinshel, E. M. (1971) The ego in health and normality. JAPA, 18.
    868. Weisman, A. D. (1972) On Dying and Denying. New York: Behavioral Publications.
    869. Weinstock, H. J. (1962) Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis by psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Psychoanal. Res., 6.
    870. Welmore, R. J. (1963) The role of grief in psychoanalysis. IJP. 44.
    871. Werner, H. & Kaplan, B. (1984) Symbol Formation. Hillsdale N. J.: Lawrence Eribaum.
    872. White. R. W. (1963) Ego and Reality in Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychol. Issues, 3.
    873. Whitman, R. M. (1963) Remembering and forgetting dreams in psychoanalysis. JAPA, 11.
    874. Wiedeman, G. Sexuality. PMC. Forthcoming.
    875. Wiedeman, G. (1962) Survey of psychoanalytic literature on overt male homosexuality. JAPA, 10.
    876. Wieder, H. (1966) Intellectuality. PSOC, 21.
    877. Wieder, H. (1978) The psychoanalytic treatment of preadolescents In Child Analysis and Therapy, ed. J. Glenn. New York Aronson.
    878. Willick, M. S. Defense. PMC. Forthcoming.
    879. Wilson, C. P. (1967) Stone as a symbol of teeth. PQ, 36.
    880. Wilson, C. P Hohan, C. & Mintz, I. (1983) Fear of Being Fat. New York: Aronson.
    881. Wilson, C. P. S Mintz, I. (1982) Abstaining and bulimic anorexics. Primary Care, 9.
    882. Wilson, E. O. (1978) On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
    883. Winnicott, C. (1978) D. W. W.: a reflection. In: Between Reality and Fantasy. New York: Jason Aronson.
    884. Winnicott, D. W. (1953) Transitional object and transitional phenomena. In: Collected Papers. New York Basic Books, 1958.
    885. Winnicott, D. W. (1956) Primary maternal preoccupation. In: Winnicott (1958).
    886. Winnicott, D. W. (1958) Collected Papers. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
    887. Winnicott, D. W. (1960) Ego distortions in terms of true and false self. In: The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    888. Winnicott, D. W. (1960) The theory of the parent-infant relationship. In: Winnicott (1965).
    889. Winnicott, D. W. (1965) The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    890. Winnicott, D. W. (1971) Playing and Reality. New York: Basic Books.
    891. Winnicott, D. W. (1971) Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    892. Winnicott, D. W. (1977) The Piggle. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    893. Winson, J. (1985) Brain and Psyche. New York: Anchor Press.
    894. Wolf, E. S. (1976) Ambience and abstinence. Annu. Psycho-anal., 4.
    895. Wolf, E. S. (1980) On the developmental line of self-object relations. In: Advances in Self Psychology, ed. A. Goldberg. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    896. Wolf, E. S. (1983) Empathy and countertransference. In: The Future of Psychoanalysis, ed. A. Coldberg. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    897. Wolf, E. S. (1984) Disruptions in the psychoanalytic treatment of disorders of the self. In: Kohut's Legacy, ed. P. Stepansky & A. Coldberg, Hillsdale, H. J.: Analytic Press, 1984.
    898. Wolf, E. S. (1984) Selfobject relations disorders. In: Character Pathology, ed. M. Zales. New York: Bruner/Mazel.
    899. Wolf, E. S. & Trosman, H. (1974) Freud and Popper-Lynkeus. JAPA, 22.
    900. Wolfenstein, M. (1966) How is mourning possible? PSOC, 21.
    901. Wolman, B. B. ed. (1977) The International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Neurology. New York: Aesculapius.
    902. Wolpert, E. A. (1980) Major affective disorders. In: Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, ed. H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Freedman & B. J. Saddock. Boston: Williams & Wilkins, vol. 2.
    903. Wurmser, L. (1977) A defense of the use of metaphor in analytic theory formation. PQ, 46.
    904. Wurmser, L. (1981) The Mask of Shame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
    905. Zetzel, E. R. (1956) Current concepts of transference. TJP, 37.

    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 17 extensión

    f.
    1 extension, addition to a building, annex, annex of a building.
    2 area, spread, acreage, area of land.
    3 extension, telephone extension.
    4 extension, appendage.
    5 extension, extension of the alloted time, extra time, renewal.
    6 extension, electrical extension.
    7 extension, elongation, splaying, spreading.
    8 extent, size.
    9 expanse, breadth, sphere of activity, scope.
    * * *
    1 (gen) extension
    2 (dimensión) extent, size; (superficie) area, expanse
    3 (duración) duration, length
    4 (de un escrito, discurso) length
    5 MÚSICA range
    \
    en toda la extensión de la palabra in every sense of the word
    por extensión by extension
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=superficie) area
    2) (=duración) length
    3) (=amplitud) [de conocimientos] extent, range; [de programa] scope; [de significado] range

    esto nos afecta a nosotros y, por extensión, a todo el país — this affects us and, by extension, the whole country

    4) (=ampliación) [de incendio] spread; [de plazo] extension
    5) [de cable, cuerda] extension
    6) (Telec) extension

    ¿puede ponerme con la extensión 14? — can I have extension 14, please?, can you put me through to extension 14, please?

    7) (Mús) [de instrumento, voz] range, compass
    8) [en instituciones]
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( longitud) length

    la extensión de la novela/carretera — the length of the novel/road

    2) (grado, importancia) extent
    3) ( acción) extension
    4) ( de cable) extension lead; ( línea telefónica) extension
    * * *
    = extension, extension, extent of item, length, expansion, massiveness, great length, widening, tract.
    Ex. Searches saved ondisc are saved as disk files and are given the file name extension.SRC.
    Ex. These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex. The first element of the physical description area is the extent of item and it gives the number and the specific material designation of the units of the item being described and, in some cases, other indications of the extent (e.g. duration).
    Ex. A working guide is to seek to make any abstract as informative as possible within the constraints of time, length and audience.
    Ex. This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex. With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.
    Ex. Nor has this richness, this density, necessarily to do with complexity and great length.
    Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex. Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    ----
    * actividad de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach activity.
    * aplicar por extensión = extend.
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * de extensión = in length.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * extensión agraria = agricultural extension.
    * extensión bibliotecaria = extension activity, outreach [out-reach], library outreach.
    * extensión de = mass of.
    * extensión de la cultura = cultural outreach.
    * extensión del nombre del fichero = file name extension.
    * extensión de página = page length.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * perito de extensión agraria = agricultural extension worker.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * programa de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach programme.
    * servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach service, library extension work, extension service, outreach programme, reach out.
    * servicios de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( longitud) length

    la extensión de la novela/carretera — the length of the novel/road

    2) (grado, importancia) extent
    3) ( acción) extension
    4) ( de cable) extension lead; ( línea telefónica) extension
    * * *
    = extension, extension, extent of item, length, expansion, massiveness, great length, widening, tract.

    Ex: Searches saved ondisc are saved as disk files and are given the file name extension.SRC.

    Ex: These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex: The first element of the physical description area is the extent of item and it gives the number and the specific material designation of the units of the item being described and, in some cases, other indications of the extent (e.g. duration).
    Ex: A working guide is to seek to make any abstract as informative as possible within the constraints of time, length and audience.
    Ex: This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex: With praise for the completeness and the massiveness of the project is mixed a lack of confidence in the method of arrangement and the accuracy with which some of the entries are compiled.
    Ex: Nor has this richness, this density, necessarily to do with complexity and great length.
    Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex: Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    * actividad de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach activity.
    * aplicar por extensión = extend.
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * de extensión = in length.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * extensión agraria = agricultural extension.
    * extensión bibliotecaria = extension activity, outreach [out-reach], library outreach.
    * extensión de = mass of.
    * extensión de la cultura = cultural outreach.
    * extensión del nombre del fichero = file name extension.
    * extensión de página = page length.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * perito de extensión agraria = agricultural extension worker.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * programa de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach programme.
    * servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach service, library extension work, extension service, outreach programme, reach out.
    * servicios de extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.

    * * *
    A
    (superficie, longitud): una gran extensión de terreno a large expanse o stretch of land
    grandes extensiones de la costa large stretches of the coastline
    tiene una extensión de 20 hectáreas it has an area of 20 hectares, it covers 20 hectares
    debido a la extensión de la obra no habrá intermedio owing to the length of the play there will not be an interval
    escribir un ensayo cuya extensión no supere las 500 palabras write an essay of no more than 500 words
    por extensión by extension
    B (grado, importancia) extent
    C
    (de un vocablo): en toda la extensión de la palabra in every sense of the word
    D (ampliación) extension
    la extensión de su influencia a otras esferas the extension o spreading of her influence to other areas
    pidió una extensión del plazo she asked for an extension of the deadline o for the deadline to be extended
    ofrecen una extensión de garantía they offer an extended warranty
    E
    1 (de un cable) extension lead
    3 ( Inf) extension
    * * *

     

    extensión sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) ( superficie):

    una gran extensión de terreno a large expanse o stretch of land;

    una extensión de 20 hectáreas an area of 20 hectares


    por extensión by extension
    2 (grado, importancia) extent;

    3



    ( línea telefónica) extension
    extensión sustantivo femenino
    1 extension
    (de un escrito, de tiempo) length
    (de un territorio, superficie) area
    2 (ampliación) extension
    (difusión) spreading
    3 (de una línea telefónica, un edificio) extension
    ' extensión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ampliación
    - extensor
    - extensora
    - prolongación
    - prórroga
    - superficie
    - supletoria
    - supletorio
    - terrena
    - terreno
    - vasta
    - vasto
    - zona
    - alargador
    - anexo
    - césped
    - interno
    - llano
    - pasto
    - playa
    - por
    - vida
    English:
    area
    - cover
    - expanse
    - expansive
    - extended
    - extension
    - extension cable
    - extension cord
    - extent
    - from
    - long
    - sheet
    - sprawl
    - spread
    - stretch
    - sweep
    - tract
    - further
    - length
    * * *
    1. [superficie] area, expanse;
    2. [amplitud] [de país] size;
    [de conocimientos] extent;
    3. [duración] duration, length;
    debido a la extensión de la película habrá un descanso due to the length of the film there will be an interval
    4. [ampliación] extension;
    se concedió una extensión del plazo an extension was granted
    5. [sentido] range of meaning;
    en toda la extensión de la palabra in every sense of the word;
    por extensión by extension
    6. Informát extension
    7. [de línea telefónica] extension
    * * *
    f
    1 tb
    TELEC extension;
    por extensión by extension
    2 superficie expanse, area;
    en toda la extensión de la palabra in the broadest sense of the word
    * * *
    extensión nf, pl - siones
    1) : extension, stretching
    2) : expanse, spread
    3) : extent, range
    4) : length, duration
    * * *
    1. (superficie) area
    2. (dimensión) size / extent
    3. (longitud, duración) length
    4. (de teléfono) extension

    Spanish-English dictionary > extensión

  • 18 para

    prep.
    1 for.
    es para ti it's for you
    una mesa para el salón a table for the living room
    esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink
    te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand
    ¿para qué? what for?
    2 (in order) to.
    para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims
    lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you
    3 toward.
    ir para casa to head (for) home
    salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport
    4 for (time).
    tiene que estar acabado para mañana it has to be finished by o for tomorrow
    5 to.
    la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served
    el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: parar.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: parir.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: parar.
    * * *
    2 (uso, utilidad) for
    los cuchillos son para cortar, no para jugar con ellos knives are for cutting, not for playing with
    ¿tienes algo para el dolor de cabeza? have you got anything for a headache?
    3 (destino, dirección) for, to
    el tren para Toledo sale a las 18.00 the train to Toledo leaves at 18.00
    ¿para dónde vas? where are you going?
    4 (tiempo, fechas límites) by, before
    1 (finalidad) to, in order to
    2 (suficiente) enough
    \
    para entonces by then
    para con towards, to
    para que so that
    ¿para qué? what for?
    ¿para qué has comprado eso? what did you buy that for?
    ¡que para qué! familiar very, really, terribly
    ¡hace un frío que para qué! it's freezing
    ¡es más torpe que para qué! she's so clumsy!
    * * *
    prep.
    1) for
    2) to
    4) by
    - para detrás
    - para que
    * * *
    I
    PREP
    1) [indicando finalidad, uso] for

    es demasiado cara para nosotros — it's too dear for us, it's beyond our means

    para esto, podíamos habernos quedado en casa — if this is it, we might as well have stayed at home

    2)

    para que —

    a) + subjun
    b) [en preguntas]

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — why do you want it?, what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué sirve? — what's it for?

    -¿por qué no se lo dices? -¿para qué? — "why don't you tell her?" - "what's the point o use?"

    tú ya has pasado por eso, ¿para qué te voy a contar? — you've already been through that, so there's no point o use me telling you

    tengo un hambre que para qué[uso enfático] I'm absolutely starving *

    3) + infin
    a) [indicando finalidad] to

    estoy ahorrando para comprarme una moto — I'm saving up to buy a motorbike, I'm saving up for a motorbike

    no es para comer — it's not for eating, it's not to be eaten

    b) [indicando secuencia temporal]
    4) [con expresiones de tiempo]

    un cuarto para las diez LAm a quarter to ten

    son cinco para las ocho LAm it's five to eight

    5) [indicando dirección]

    para atrás — back, backwards

    el autobús para Marbella — the bus for Marbella, the Marbella bus

    ir para casa — to go home, head for home

    6) [indicando opiniones]

    para mí que mientein my opinion o if you ask me he's lying

    7) [en comparaciones]

    ¿quién es usted para gritarme así? — who are you to shout at me like that?

    para patatas, las de mi pueblo — if it's potatoes you want, look no further than my home town

    para ruidosos, los españoles — there's nobody like the Spaniards for being noisy

    8) [indicando trato]

    para con — to, towards

    tan amable para con todosso kind to o towards everybody

    estar 1., 7), ir 1., 10) II
    * SM paratrooper, para *
    * * *
    1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

    ¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

    ¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

    que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

    tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

    2)

    para + inf — to + inf

    3)

    para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

    para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

    6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

    para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

    para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

    para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

    7)

    estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

    para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

    para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

    ¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

    9)

    empuja para arribapush up o upward(s)

    ¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

    va para los 50 añosshe's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

    ¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to
    11)

    tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

    esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

    ¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

    se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

    * * *
    = for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.
    Ex. For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.
    Ex. This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex. Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.
    Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.
    Ex. The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.
    Ex. Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex. In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.
    Ex. The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Ex. The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.
    Ex. The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.
    Ex. Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.
    ----
    * ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * para actuar = for action.
    * para alguna gente = to some people.
    * para algunas personas = to some people.
    * para algunos = to some.
    * para aquel entonces = by then.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * para beneficio de = for the good of.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para bodas = bridal.
    * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].
    * para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.
    * para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.
    * para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para cuando = by the time.
    * para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.
    * para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * para detrimento de = to the neglect of.
    * para diario = everyday.
    * para disgusto de = to the disgust of.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para el año próximo = for the year ahead.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para el caso = for that matter.
    * para el esparcimiento = recreational.
    * para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.
    * para embalsamar = embalming.
    * para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.
    * para entonces = by then.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * para eso = therefor.
    * para este fin = to this end.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para expresar dimensiones = by.
    * para + Fecha = by + Fecha.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * para finalizar = in closing.
    * para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].
    * para futuras consultas = for future reference.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para hacer fundas = sleeving.
    * para hacer juego = to match.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * para hacer las paces = peace offering.
    * para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.
    * para hacer más fácil = for ease of.
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.
    * para jóvenes = youth-serving.
    * para la eternidad = in perpetuity.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.
    * para la posteridad = for posterity.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para más información = for further details.
    * para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mayor información sobre = for details of.
    * para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.
    * para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mí = for myself.
    * para microordenadores = micro-computer based.
    * para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.
    * para no = so as not to.
    * para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * para no ser menos = not to be outdone.
    * para novias = bridal.
    * para + Número = seat + Número.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * para orquesta = orchestral.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para para lavarse la cara = washrag.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * para PCs = PC-based.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * para protegerse = protectively.
    * para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.
    * para que así conste = for the record.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * para que no falte = for good measure.
    * para que no falte de nada = for good measure.
    * para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.
    * para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.
    * para que quede constancia = for the record.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.
    * para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.
    * para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.
    * para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.
    * para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * para un futuro mejor = for a better future.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * sin parar = interminably.
    * * *
    1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

    ¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

    ¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

    que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

    tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

    2)

    para + inf — to + inf

    3)

    para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

    para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

    6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

    para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

    para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

    para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

    7)

    estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

    para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

    para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

    ¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

    9)

    empuja para arribapush up o upward(s)

    ¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

    va para los 50 añosshe's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

    ¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to
    11)

    tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

    esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

    ¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

    se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

    * * *
    = for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.

    Ex: For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.

    Ex: This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex: Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.
    Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex: Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.
    Ex: The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.
    Ex: Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex: In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.
    Ex: The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Ex: The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.
    Ex: The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.
    Ex: Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.
    * ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * para actuar = for action.
    * para alguna gente = to some people.
    * para algunas personas = to some people.
    * para algunos = to some.
    * para aquel entonces = by then.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * para beneficio de = for the good of.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para bodas = bridal.
    * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].
    * para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.
    * para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.
    * para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para cuando = by the time.
    * para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.
    * para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * para detrimento de = to the neglect of.
    * para diario = everyday.
    * para disgusto de = to the disgust of.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para el año próximo = for the year ahead.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para el caso = for that matter.
    * para el esparcimiento = recreational.
    * para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.
    * para embalsamar = embalming.
    * para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.
    * para entonces = by then.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * para eso = therefor.
    * para este fin = to this end.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para expresar dimensiones = by.
    * para + Fecha = by + Fecha.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * para finalizar = in closing.
    * para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].
    * para futuras consultas = for future reference.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para hacer fundas = sleeving.
    * para hacer juego = to match.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * para hacer las paces = peace offering.
    * para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.
    * para hacer más fácil = for ease of.
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.
    * para jóvenes = youth-serving.
    * para la eternidad = in perpetuity.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.
    * para la posteridad = for posterity.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para más información = for further details.
    * para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mayor información sobre = for details of.
    * para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.
    * para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mí = for myself.
    * para microordenadores = micro-computer based.
    * para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.
    * para no = so as not to.
    * para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * para no ser menos = not to be outdone.
    * para novias = bridal.
    * para + Número = seat + Número.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * para orquesta = orchestral.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para para lavarse la cara = washrag.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * para PCs = PC-based.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * para protegerse = protectively.
    * para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.
    * para que así conste = for the record.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * para que no falte = for good measure.
    * para que no falte de nada = for good measure.
    * para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.
    * para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.
    * para que quede constancia = for the record.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.
    * para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.
    * para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.
    * para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.
    * para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * para un futuro mejor = for a better future.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * sin parar = interminably.

    * * *
    A (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for
    tengo buenas noticias para ustedes I have some good news for you
    ¿para qué revista escribes? what magazine do you write for?
    lee para ti read to yourself
    fue muy amable para con todos he was very friendly to everyone
    ¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?
    no sirve para este trabajo he's no good at this kind of work
    ¿para qué lo quieres? what do you want it for?
    ¿para qué tuviste que ir a decírselo? what did you have to go and tell him for?, why did you have to go and tell him?
    champú para bebés baby shampoo
    jarabe para la tos cough mixture
    que para qué (decirte/hablar) ( fam): hacía un frío que para qué (decirte) it was freezing cold ( colloq)
    venían con un hambre que para qué (hablar) or para qué te voy a contar they were starving o so hungry when they got here!
    B para + INF to + INF
    está ahorrando para comprarse un coche she's saving up for a car o to buy a car
    esta agua no es para beber this isn't drinking water
    está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting
    para serte sincero to tell you the truth
    como para convencerse a sí misma as if to convince herself
    para pasar al curso siguiente (in order) to go on to the next year
    no hay que ser muy inteligente para darse cuenta you don't have to be very intelligent to realize that
    nos cambiamos de sitio para ver mejor we changed places (so as) to see better
    para no + INF so as not to + INF
    entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her
    C para QUE + SUBJ:
    lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me
    pídeselo — ¿para qué? ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it — what for? so he can say no?
    para QUE no + SUBJ:
    cierra la puerta para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
    D
    1
    (enfatizando la culminación de algo): para colmo or para rematarla se apagó la luz to crown o top o cap it all the light went out
    2 (expresando efecto, consecuencia) to
    para su desgracia unfortunately for him
    para mi gran sorpresa to my great surprise, much to my surprise
    no había bastante para todos there wasn't enough for everybody o to go round
    tranquilízate, no es para tanto calm down, it's not that bad
    para + INF:
    apenas tienen para comer they can barely afford to eat
    soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
    bastante tengo yo con mis problemas (como) para estar ocupándome de los suyos I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with his as well
    ¡es (como) para matarlo! ( fam); I'll kill him! ( colloq)
    para QUE + SUBJ:
    basta que yo diga A para que él diga B if I say it's black, he'll say it's white
    basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa he only has to walk in and she gets flustered
    B
    (en comparaciones, contrastes): hace demasiado calor para estar al sol it's too hot to be in the sun
    son altos para su edad they're tall for their age
    para lo que come, no está nada gordo considering how much he eats, he's not at all fat
    díselo tú — ¡para el caso que me hacen …! you tell them — for all the notice they take of me …
    para + INF:
    para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent, considering it was completely off the cuff it was an excellent speech
    ¿quién se cree que es para hablarte así? who does she think she is, speaking to you like that o to speak to you like that?
    para QUE + SUBJ:
    son demasiado grandes para que les estés haciendo todo they're too old for you to be doing everything for them
    para que se esté quejando todo el día … if he's going to spend all day complaining …
    ¡tanto preocuparse por ellos para que después hasta te acusen de metomentodo! all that worrying about them and then they go and accuse you of being a meddler!
    C estar para algo/+ INF
    (indicando estado): mira que no estoy para bromas look, I'm in no mood for joking o for jokes
    estas botas están para tirarlas a la basura these boots are only fit for throwing out o for the trash o ( BrE) for the bin
    no está (como) para salir tan de veranillo it's not warm enough to go out in such summery clothes
    D
    (expresando opiniones, puntos de vista): para mí que ya no viene if you ask me, he won't come now
    para el padre, el niño es un Mozart en ciernes in the father's opinion o as far as the father's concerned, the boy is a budding Mozart
    tú eres todo para mí you're everything to me
    ¿para ti qué es lo más importante? what's the most important thing for you?, what do you see as the most important thing?
    esto es de gran interés para el lector this is of great interest to the reader
    A
    (indicando dirección): salieron para el aeropuerto they left for the airport
    empuja para arriba push up o upward(s)
    ¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
    se los llevó para la casa de los abuelos she took them over to their grandparents' house
    tráelo para acá/adentro bring it over here/inside
    B
    (en sentido figurado): ya vamos para viejos we're getting old o ( colloq) getting on
    va para los 50 años she's pushing fifty ( colloq), she's going o ( BrE) getting on for fifty ( colloq)
    A
    (señalando un plazo): tiene que estar listo para el día 15 it has to be ready by o for the 15th
    ¿qué deberes tienes para el lunes? what homework do you have for Monday?
    faltan cinco minutos para que termine la clase there are five minutes to go before the end of the class
    me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised I could have it after Easter, he promised it to me for after Easter
    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?, how long will it take you to finish it?
    B
    1
    (indicando fecha aproximada): piensan casarse para finales de agosto they plan to marry sometime around the end of August
    para entonces quién sabe si todavía estaremos vivos who knows if we'll still be alive (by) then?
    ¿para cuándo espera? when is the baby due?
    tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
    C
    1
    (expresando duración): para siempre forever
    tengo para rato ( fam); I'm going to be a while (yet), this is going to take me a while (yet)
    esto va para largo ( fam); this is going to take some time
    ¿qué le puedo regalar para el cumpleaños? what can I give him for his birthday?
    D ( liter)
    (en secuencias de acciones): se fue para nunca volver she went away never to return
    fue puesto en libertad, para más tarde volver a ser detenido he was set free only to be rearrested later, he was set free but was rearrested later
    * * *

     

    Del verbo parar: ( conjugate parar)

    para es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Del verbo parir: ( conjugate parir)

    para es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    para    
    parar    
    parir
    para preposición
    1 (destino, finalidad, intención) for;

    ¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?;
    champú para bebés baby shampoo;
    para eso no voy I might as well not go;
    para + inf: ahorra para comprarse un coche he's saving up to buy a car;
    tomé un taxi para no llegar tarde I took a taxi so I wouldn't be late;
    está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting;
    para aprobar (in order) to pass;
    entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her;
    lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me;
    cierra para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
    2


    no es para tanto it's not that bad;
    soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
    b) (en comparaciones, contrastes):


    son altos para su edad they're tall for their age;
    para lo que come, no está gordo considering how much he eats, he's not fat;
    ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?;
    es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own
    1 ( dirección):

    empuja para arriba push up o upward(s);
    ¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
    2 ( tiempo)
    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo):

    estará listo para el día 15 it'll be ready by o for the 15th;

    deberes para el lunes homework for Monday;
    faltan cinco minutos para que termine there are five minutes to go before the end;
    me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised me it for after Easter;
    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?;
    para entonces estaré en Madrid I'll be in Madrid (by) then;
    tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to;


    c) ( duración):


    tengo para rato (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)
    parar ( conjugate parar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( detenerse) to stop;

    ir/venir a para to end up;
    fue a para a la cárcel he ended up in prison;
    ¿a dónde habrá ido a para aquella foto? what can have happened to that photo?;
    ¡a dónde iremos a para! I don't know what the world's coming to
    2 ( cesar) to stop;

    ha estado lloviendo sin para it hasn't stopped raining;
    no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute;
    no para en casa she's never at home;
    para DE + INF to stop -ing;
    paró de llover it stopped raining
    3 (AmL) [obreros/empleados] to go on strike
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a)coche/tráfico/persona to stop;

    motor/máquina to stop, switch off
    b) hemorragia to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)

    c)balón/tiro to save, stop;

    golpe to block, ward off
    2 (AmL)

    b) ( poner vertical) ‹vaso/libroto stand … up;


    pararse verbo pronominal
    1 ( detenerse)

    b) [reloj/máquina] to stop;

    [coche/motor] to stall;

    2


    se paró en una silla she stood on a chair;
    ¿te puedes para de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
    b) (AmL) [ pelo] ( hacia arriba) to stick up;

    ( en los lados) to stick out

    parir ( conjugate parir) verbo intransitivo [ mujer] to give birth;
    [ vaca] to calve;
    [yegua/burra] to foal;
    [ oveja] to lamb
    verbo transitivo

    b) [ mamíferos] to have, bear (frml)

    para preposición
    1 (utilidad, aptitud) for: ¿para qué tanto esfuerzo?, what's all this effort for?
    una pomada para las quemaduras, an ointment for burns
    una tijera para zurdos, a pair of scissors for left-handed people
    2 (finalidad, motivo) to, in order to: lo dijo para molestarme, she said it to annoy me
    lo hace para que te fijes en él, he does it so that you notice him
    3 (destinatario) for: es para mamá, it's for mum
    hablaba para los votantes indecisos, he spoke to the undecided voters
    es muy atento para con ella, he's very obliging towards her
    4 (opinión) para Paco todas las mujeres son guapas, in Paco's opinion, all women are pretty
    5 (comparación, concesión) for: para ser tan joven tiene ideas muy sensatas, he has very sensible ideas for his age
    6 (rechazo) para una vez que hablo, me haces callar, the one time I speak, you shut me up
    7 (tiempo) by: estará listo para las cinco, it'll be ready by five
    para entonces, by then
    8 (a punto de) está para salir, it's about to leave
    9 (dirección) el tren para Burgos acaba de salir, the train for Burgos has just left
    iba para tu casa, I was going to your house
    Recuerda que cuando para expresa finalidad, se traduce por to o in order to (este último sólo se usa para evitar confusión): Me voy para ayudarte. I'm going in order to help you. Si usáramos sólo to significaría: Voy a ayudarte. Sin embargo, cuando después de para viene un sustantivo o un pronombre y no un verbo (esta llave es para aquella puerta), se traduce por for ( this key is for that door).
    parar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to stop: para de saltar, stop jumping
    para un momento en la farmacia, stop a minute at the chemist's
    no pares de hablar, por favor, keep talking, please
    2 (alojarse) to stay
    3 (finalizar, terminar) el cuadro fue a parar al rastro, the painting ended up in the flea market
    II verbo transitivo
    1 to stop
    2 Dep to save
    3 LAm to stand up
    ♦ Locuciones: dónde va a parar, by far: mi hija es muchísmo más inteligente que la suya, dónde va a parar, my daughter is far more intelligent than theirs
    parir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to give birth (to)
    ♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a parir, to run sb down
    ' para' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abalorio
    - ablandar
    - abreviar
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acá
    - aceitera
    - achuchar
    - actuación
    - adentro
    - agitador
    - agitadora
    - alcanzar
    - alfiler
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - aliento
    - alquiler
    - alta
    - amenaza
    - añadidura
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - ánimo
    - año
    - antesala
    - antirrobo
    - aplanar
    - aprovechar
    - apta
    - aptitud
    - apto
    - aquí
    - arca
    - arena
    - arrastre
    - arriba
    - arropar
    - atonía
    - atrás
    - atril
    - aunar
    - auspicio
    - baja
    - bajo
    - balde
    - bálsamo
    - bañarse
    - banco
    English:
    AA
    - ability
    - about
    - accessory
    - accommodate
    - achieve
    - activity
    - adapter
    - adaptor
    - adequate
    - adequately
    - admire
    - adult
    - advantage
    - advantageous
    - advertise
    - aftershave (lotion)
    - agitate
    - agree
    - all
    - all-out
    - allocate
    - analyst
    - antiallergenic
    - antibiotic
    - antidote
    - antihistamine
    - antipollution
    - appease
    - application
    - appointment
    - appropriate
    - aptitude
    - argue
    - arm-twisting
    - arms control
    - around-the clock
    - arrangement
    - arson
    - as
    - ASPCA
    - assailant
    - assert
    - assess
    - assume
    - astir
    - astonishment
    - attain
    - attention span
    - attractive
    * * *
    para prep
    1. [indica destino, finalidad, motivación] for;
    es para ti it's for you;
    significa mucho para mí it means a lot to me;
    “¡qué suerte!” dije para mí “how lucky,” I said to myself;
    una mesa para el salón a table for the living-room;
    desayuno para dos breakfast for two;
    crema para zapatos shoe polish;
    pastillas para dormir sleeping pills;
    están entrenados para el combate they have been trained for combat;
    estudia para dentista she's studying to become a dentist;
    esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink;
    para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims;
    lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you;
    me voy para no causar más molestias I'll go so I don't cause you any more inconvenience;
    te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand;
    resulta que se divorcian para un mes más tarde volverse a casar so they get divorced, only to remarry a month later;
    para con towards;
    es buena para con los demás she is kind towards other people;
    ¿para qué? what for?;
    ¿para qué quieres un martillo? what do you want a hammer for?, why do you want a hammer?;
    ¿para qué has venido? why are you here?;
    ¿para quién trabajas? who do you work for?
    2. [indica dirección] towards;
    el próximo vuelo para Caracas the next flight to Caracas;
    ir para casa to head (for) home;
    salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport;
    para abajo downwards;
    para arriba upwards;
    tira para arriba pull up o upwards;
    para atrás backwards;
    échate para atrás [en asiento] lean back;
    para delante forwards;
    ya vas para viejo you're getting old;
    esta muchacha va para pintora this girl has all the makings of a painter
    3. [indica tiempo] for;
    tiene que estar acabado para mañana/para antes de Navidad it has to be finished by o for tomorrow/before Christmas;
    faltan cinco minutos para que salga el tren the train leaves in five minutes;
    tienen previsto casarse para el 17 de agosto they plan to get married on 17 August;
    llevamos comida para varios días we have enough food for several days;
    Am salvo RP
    diez para las once ten to eleven;
    Am salvo RP
    un cuarto para las once (a) quarter to eleven;
    va para un año que no nos vemos it's getting on for a year since we saw each other;
    ¿y para cuándo un bebé? and when are you going to start a family?;
    para entonces by then
    4. [indica comparación]
    tiene la estatura adecuada para su edad she is the normal height for her age;
    está muy delgado para lo que come he's very thin considering how much he eats;
    para ser verano hace mucho frío considering it's summer, it's very cold;
    para ser un principiante no lo hace mal he's not bad for a beginner;
    para lo que me ha servido… for all the use it's been to me…;
    ¡tanto esfuerzo para nada! all that effort for nothing!;
    ¿y tú quién eres para tratarla así? who do you think you are, treating her like that?;
    yo no soy quien para decir… it's not for me to say…
    5. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo) [indica inminencia, propósito] to;
    la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served;
    el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win
    6. [indica opinión] for;
    para Marx, la religión era el opio del pueblo for Marx, religion was the opium of the people;
    para mí/ti/ etc as far as I'm/you're/ etc concerned;
    para mí que no van a venir it looks to me like they're not coming;
    ¿para ti quién es más guapo? who do you think is the most handsome?
    7. [indica disposición, estado]
    no estoy para fiestas I'm not in the mood for parties;
    el abuelo no está ya para hacer viajes largos grandfather's no longer up to going on long journeys;
    ¿hace día para ir sin chaqueta? is it warm enough to go out without a jacket on?
    8. [indica consecuencia]
    para su sorpresa, para sorpresa suya to her surprise;
    para alegría de todos to everyone's delight;
    para nuestra desgracia unfortunately for us
    9. Comp
    no es/fue/ etc[m5]. para tanto it's not/it wasn't/ etc such a big deal;
    no llores, que no es para tanto don't cry, it's not such a big deal, there's no need to cry about it;
    dicen que les trataron mal, pero no fue para tanto they say they were ill-treated, but that's going a bit far;
    Fam
    que para qué: hace un calor que para qué it's absolutely boiling;
    este plato pica que para qué this dish is really hot, Br this dish isn't half hot
    * * *
    prp
    1 for;
    para mí for me
    2 dirección toward(s);
    ir para head for;
    va para directora she’s going to end up as manager
    3 tiempo for;
    listo para mañana ready for tomorrow;
    para siempre forever;
    diez para las ocho L.Am. ten of eight, ten to eight;
    para Pascua iremos de vacaciones a Lima we’re going to Lima for Easter;
    espero que para Pascua haya terminado la crisis I hope the crisis is over by Easter;
    ¿para cuándo? when for?
    :
    lo hace para ayudarte he does it (in order) to help you;
    para que so that;
    ¿para qué te marchas? what are you leaving for?;
    para eso no hace falta it’s not necessary just for that
    :
    para su edad es muy maduro he’s very mature for his age
    6
    :
    lo heredó todo para morir a los 30 he inherited it all, only to die at 30
    * * *
    para prep
    1) : for
    para ti: for you
    alta para su edad: tall for her age
    una cita para el lunes: an appointment for Monday
    2) : to, towards
    para la derecha: to the right
    van para el río: they're heading towards the river
    3) : to, in order to
    lo hace para molestarte: he does it to annoy you
    4) : around, by (a time)
    para mañana estarán listos: they'll be ready by tomorrow
    5)
    para adelante : forwards
    6)
    para atrás : backwards
    7)
    para que : so, so that, in order that
    te lo digo para que sepas: I'm telling you so you'll know
    * * *
    para prep
    4. (dirección) for / to
    5. (tiempo) by
    para mí for me / in my opinion

    Spanish-English dictionary > para

  • 19 bibliográfico

    adj.
    bibliographic, bibliographical.
    * * *
    1 bibliographic, bibliographical
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo bibliographic
    * * *
    = bibliographic, bibliographical.
    Nota: Usado indistintamente con bibliographic.
    Ex. Most of the data bases are bibliographic in nature, but DIALOG does offer some statistical and directory files.
    Ex. Prior to this appointment he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included the single most comprehensive bibliographical distribution service in the world today.
    ----
    * agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.
    * base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.
    * CBU (Control Bibliográfico Universal) = UBC (Universal Bibliographic Control).
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del = UNIBID.
    * colección bibliográfica = book collection.
    * control bibliográfico internacional = international bibliographical control.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * emparejamiento bibliográfico = bibliographic coupling.
    * fuente bibliográfica especializada = specialist bibliographic source.
    * herramienta bibliográfica = bibliographical tool.
    * identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribució = catch line.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * ISBD (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional) = ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description).
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * justificación bibliográfica = literary warrant.
    * no bibliográfico = non-book [nonbook], non-bibliographic, non-bibliographical.
    * patrimonio bibliográfico = published heritage, documented heritage.
    * producción bibliográfica sobre biblioteconomía = library literature.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * recensión bibliográfica = review.
    * recursos bibliográficos = literature resources.
    * reseña bibliográfica = review.
    * Sociedad Bibliográfica de America = Bibliographical Society of America.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo bibliographic
    * * *
    = bibliographic, bibliographical.
    Nota: Usado indistintamente con bibliographic.

    Ex: Most of the data bases are bibliographic in nature, but DIALOG does offer some statistical and directory files.

    Ex: Prior to this appointment he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included the single most comprehensive bibliographical distribution service in the world today.
    * agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.
    * base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.
    * CBU (Control Bibliográfico Universal) = UBC (Universal Bibliographic Control).
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del = UNIBID.
    * colección bibliográfica = book collection.
    * control bibliográfico internacional = international bibliographical control.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * emparejamiento bibliográfico = bibliographic coupling.
    * fuente bibliográfica especializada = specialist bibliographic source.
    * herramienta bibliográfica = bibliographical tool.
    * identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribució = catch line.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * ISBD (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional) = ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description).
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * justificación bibliográfica = literary warrant.
    * no bibliográfico = non-book [nonbook], non-bibliographic, non-bibliographical.
    * patrimonio bibliográfico = published heritage, documented heritage.
    * producción bibliográfica sobre biblioteconomía = library literature.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * recensión bibliográfica = review.
    * recursos bibliográficos = literature resources.
    * reseña bibliográfica = review.
    * Sociedad Bibliográfica de America = Bibliographical Society of America.

    * * *
    bibliographic
    * * *
    bibliográfico, -a adj
    bibliographic
    * * *
    adj bibliographic
    * * *
    bibliográfico, -ca adj
    : bibliographic, bibliographical

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliográfico

  • 20 estudiar

    v.
    1 to study (carrera, libro, asunto).
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla after studying your proposal, I've decided not to accept it
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you a student?
    Lisa estudia arduamente Lisa studies hard.
    Lisa estudia todos los libros Lisa studies every book.
    Lisa estudia historia americana Lisa studies American history.
    2 to observe.
    3 to be a student, to study.
    4 to feel out, to study.
    El profesor estudia sus reacciones The teacher feels out their reactions.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to study, learn
    2 (en universidad) to read, study
    3 (trabajar) to work, study
    4 (observar) to examine, observe
    1 to study
    1 to consider
    \
    estudiar de memoria to learn by heart
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=aprender) [+ lección, papel] to learn
    2) (=cursar) to study

    ¿qué curso estudias? — what year are you in?

    3) (=examinar) [informe, experimento] to examine, look into; [persona] to study, look into

    el informe estudia los efectos de la sequíathe report examines o looks into the effects of the drought

    4) (=considerar) to consider, study

    estudiaremos su oferta y ya le contestaremoswe shall consider o study your offer and get back to you

    están estudiando la posibilidad de convocar una huelga — they are looking into the possibility of calling a strike, they are considering calling a strike

    2. VI
    1) (=aprender) to study
    2) (=cursar estudios) to study
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicinashe's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex. This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex. 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex. The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex. 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicinashe's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex: This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex: 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex: The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex: 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

    * * *
    estudiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹asignatura› to study; (en la universidad) to study, read ( frml)
    estudiaba inglés en una academia I used to study English at a language school
    estudia medicina en la universidad de Salamanca she's studying o doing o reading medicine at Salamanca university
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?, what did he study at college/university?, what (subject) did he take his degree in?
    2 ( Mús) ‹instrumento› to learn
    B ‹lección/tablas› to learn
    me tengo que poner a estudiar geografía para el examen I have to get down to studying o ( AmE) reviewing o ( BrE) revising geography for the test
    C (observar) to study
    estudia el comportamiento de las aves he studies the behavior of birds
    me di cuenta de que me estaba estudiando I realized that he was observing o watching o studying me
    D (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study; ‹propuesta› to study, consider
    están estudiando los pasos a seguir they're considering what steps to take
    estudiaron las posibles causas del accidente they looked into the possible causes of the accident
    ■ estudiar
    vi
    to study
    este fin de semana tengo que estudiar para el examen this weekend I have to do some work o studying for the test o I have to review ( AmE) o ( BrE) revise for the test
    estudia en un colegio privado he goes to a private school
    a ver si este año estudias más I hope you're going to work harder this year
    tuvo que dejar de estudiar a los 15 años para ayudar a su madre she had to leave school at 15 to help her mother
    estudiar PARA algo to study to be sth
    estudia para economista she's studying to be an economist
    no come nada, está estudiando para fideo ( hum); she doesn't eat a thing, she's in training for the slimming olympics ( hum)
    1 ( enf) ‹lección› to study
    se estudió el papel en una tarde he learned his part in an afternoon
    2 ( recípr)
    (observarse): los dos niños se estudiaron largo rato the two children watched each other closely for a long time
    * * *

     

    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) asignatura to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c)lección/tablas to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto to study;
    propuesta to study, consider;
    causas to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudiar más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudiar a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudiar para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección to study;

    papel to learn
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    ' estudiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    base
    - chapar
    - concentrarse
    - cursar
    - empollar
    - investigar
    - machacar
    - mamarrachada
    - repasar
    - servir
    - trabajar
    - valer
    - chancar
    - duro
    - empeño
    - empezar
    - firme
    - fuerza
    - haber
    - hacer
    - ir
    - junto
    - más
    - matar
    - tener
    - tragar
    - ver
    English:
    award
    - bar
    - burn
    - consideration
    - do
    - hard
    - investigate
    - pore
    - read
    - read up
    - resolve
    - school
    - stop
    - study
    - text
    - think out
    - train
    - whatever
    - work
    - day
    - depth
    - examine
    - further
    - get
    - kick
    - look
    - research
    - review
    - swot
    - take
    * * *
    vt
    1. [carrera, asignatura, lección] to study;
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology;
    tengo que estudiar más inglés I've got to work at my English;
    ¿qué estudiaste en la universidad? what did you study at university?
    2. [asunto] to study;
    [oferta, propuesta] to study, to consider;
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla having considered your proposal, I've decided not to accept it;
    lo estudiaré y mañana te doy una respuesta I'll consider it and get back to you tomorrow;
    el gobierno estudia la posibilidad de subir las pensiones the government is studying the possibility of raising pensions
    3. [observar] to observe;
    estuvo estudiándonos durante un rato he stayed watching us for a while;
    desde allí podía estudiar todos los movimientos del animal from there I could observe all the animal's movements
    vi
    to study;
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying;
    no puede salir, tiene que estudiar she can't come out, she's got to study;
    hay que estudiar más, González you'll have to work harder, González;
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President;
    dejó de estudiar a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    estudié en los jesuitas I went to a Jesuit school;
    estudia en la Universidad Centroamericana he's a student o he's studying at the University of Central America;
    estudiar para médico to be studying to be a doctor;
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you still at school?;
    Esp Hum ≈ do you come here often?
    * * *
    v/t & v/i study
    * * *
    : to study
    * * *
    estudiar vb to study [pt. & pp. studied]
    Si se estudia un idioma o un instrumento musical, se dice learn

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudiar

См. также в других словарях:

  • Description logic — (DL) is a family of formal knowledge representation languages. It is more expressive than propositional logic but has more efficient decision problems than first order predicate logic. DL is used in artificial intelligence for formal reasoning on …   Wikipedia

  • Description number — Description numbers are numbers that arise in the theory of Turing machines. They are very similar to Gödel numbers, and are also occasionally called Gödel numbers in the literature. Given some universal Turing machine, every Turing machine can,… …   Wikipedia

  • Description De L'Égypte — Page de titre de l édition de 1809 Lors de l expédition d Égypte, Bonaparte avait emmené avec lui une commission de savants de toutes disciplines. À leur retour, Jean Antoine Chaptal, ministre de l Intérieur, les convoque le 18 février  …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Description de l'Egypte — Description de l Égypte Page de titre de l édition de 1809 Lors de l expédition d Égypte, Bonaparte avait emmené avec lui une commission de savants de toutes disciplines. À leur retour, Jean Antoine Chaptal, ministre de l Intérieur, les convoque… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Description de l'égypte — Page de titre de l édition de 1809 Lors de l expédition d Égypte, Bonaparte avait emmené avec lui une commission de savants de toutes disciplines. À leur retour, Jean Antoine Chaptal, ministre de l Intérieur, les convoque le 18 février  …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Some Folks Call it a Sling Blade — is a short film directed by George Hickenlooper and starring Billy Bob Thornton, Molly Ringwald, and J.T. Walsh. It was adapted into the film Sling Blade , also starring Thornton.Thornton plays a simple minded man, Karl Childers, who has been in… …   Wikipedia

  • Description of Africa — Description of Africa, a largely firsthand geographical book, which was published under the title Descrittione dell’ Africa by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in his collection of travellers accounts Delle navigationi e viaggi in Venice in 1550,[1]… …   Wikipedia

  • Description de l'Égypte — For other uses, see Description de l Égypte (disambiguation). The Description of Egypt   …   Wikipedia

  • description — de|scrip|tion W2S2 [dıˈskrıpʃən] n [U and C] 1.) a piece of writing or speech that gives details about what someone or something is like ▪ Berlin sounds fascinating from your description. description of ▪ The writer began with a description of… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • Description de l'Égypte — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Description (Homonymie). Page de titre de l édition de 1809 Lors de l expédition d Égypte, Bonaparte avait emme …   Wikipédia en Français

  • description — /dI skrIpSFn/ noun 1 (C, U) a piece of writing or speech that says what someone or something is like: Berlin sounds fascinating from your description. | detailed/accurate description: The police have issued a detailed description of the missing… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»